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Biological Psychology > Sleep and Waking > Flashcards

Sleep and Waking Flashcards

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1
Q

What behaviours occur in response to internal biological clocks?

A
  • Seasonal migration.
  • Mating seasons.
  • Human menstrual cycle.
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2
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

A natural 24-hour cycle.

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3
Q

What is a free running circadian rhythm?

A

A 22-25 hour circadian rhythm cycle in the absence of natural light.

This is seen in those who are blind, or those on submarines.

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4
Q

What is the location of the body’s internal ‘master’ clock?

A

The Suprachiasmatic nucleus, located in the hypothalamus.

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5
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A

In the hypothalamus, located above the optic chiasm.

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6
Q

What evidence implicates the SCN as the master internal clock?

A

Radioactive 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) has been used to identify SCN activity.

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7
Q

What are the two chemical messengers released by the retinohypothalamic tract onto neurons in the SCN?

A
  • Glutamate.
  • PACAP.
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8
Q

When is glutamate released?

A

Glutamate is released in response to light, signalling the SCN that daylight has begun.

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9
Q

What is the role of PACAP?

A

It is thought to modulate the action of glutamate on the SCN - allowing for the response of different levels of light.

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10
Q

What does the SCN regulate and respond to?

A

The SCN regulates and responds to the hormone melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland.

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11
Q

Where is melatonin produced?

A

In the retina.

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12
Q

What is shift maladaptive syndrome?

A

40-80% of those working night shifts will experience disturbed sleep.

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13
Q

What is jet lag?

A

The interaction of internal and external clocks.

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14
Q

How many hours of sleep do 65+ year olds need?

A

7-8 hours.

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15
Q

How many hours of sleep do 26-64 year olds need?

A

7-9 hours

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16
Q

How many hours of sleep do 18-25 year olds need?

A

7-9 hours

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17
Q

How many hours of sleep do 14-17 year olds need?

A

8-10 hours

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18
Q

How many hours of sleep do 6-13 year olds need?

A

9-11 hours

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19
Q

How many hours of sleep do 3-5 year olds need?

A

10-13 hours

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20
Q

How many hours of sleep do 1-2 year olds need?

A

11-14 hours

21
Q

How many hours of sleep do 4-11 month olds need?

A

12-15 hours

22
Q

How many hours of sleep do 0-3 month olds need?

A

14-17 hours

23
Q

Describe stage 1 of sleep.

A
  • Light sleep.
  • Muscle activity slows down.
  • Occasional muscle twitching.
24
Q

Describe stage 2 of sleep.

A
  • Breathing pattern slows.
  • Heart rate slows.
  • Slight decrease in body temperature.
25
Q

Describe stage 3 of sleep.

A
  • Deep sleep begins.
  • Brain begins to generate slow delta waves.
26
Q

Describe stage 4 of sleep.

A
  • Very deep sleep.
  • Rhythmic breathing.
  • Limited muscle activity.
  • Brain produces delta waves.
27
Q

Describe stage 5 of sleep.

A
  • Rapid eye movement (REM sleep).
  • Brainwaves speed up.
  • Dreaming occurs.
  • Muscles relax.
  • Heart rate increases.
  • Breathing is rapid and shallow.
28
Q

What is used to measure brain activity during sleep?

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

29
Q

What occurs during REM sleep?

A
  • Increase in heart rate.
  • Increase in blood pressure.
  • Breathing becomes rapid and irregular.
  • Increased blood flow to genital organs.
  • Other major muscle groups are effectively paralysed.
    The sleeper may jerk or twitch.
30
Q

When does dreaming occur?

A

During REM sleep and SWS.

31
Q

Describe REM dreams.

A

REM dreams are lengthy, complicated, vivid and story like.

32
Q

Describe SWS dreams.

A

SWS dreams are short episodes characterised by logical single images and a relative lack of emotion.

33
Q

What do dreams of being unable to move in a dangerous situation mirror?

A

They mirror the muscle paralysis presented during the REM state.

34
Q

What are lucid dreams?

A

Where the dreamer becomes aware of the fact they are dreaming, and are able to direct the dreams content.

35
Q

What brain region is responsible for slow wave sleep (SWS)?

A

The forebrain.

36
Q

What brain area appears to encourage sleep by inhibiting the arousal normally produced by the reticular formation?

A

The raphe nuclei (located in the brainstem).

37
Q

What is the activity of the reticular formation associated with?

A

Wakefulness.

38
Q

What is the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)?

A

A network of neural fibres fundamental to the regulation of arousal.

39
Q

What role does acetylcholine play in sleep?

A
  • Increases arousal.
  • Increases REM sleep.
40
Q

What role does noradrenalin play in sleep?

A

Increases arousal.

41
Q

What role does serotonin play in sleep?

A
  • Increases sleep time.
  • Decreases REM.
42
Q

What role does dopamine play in sleep?

A

It is released indirectly - stimulated by the reticular formation activity.

43
Q

What are two types of sleep disorders?

A
  • Dyssomnias.
  • Parasomnias.
44
Q

What does dyssomnia involve?

A

Difficulties in the initiation, maintenance, timing and quality of sleep.

45
Q

When does parasomnia occur?

A

When unusual behaviours disturb ongoing sleep.

46
Q

What are some sleep disorders?

A
  • Idiopathic Hypersomnia.
  • Narcolepsy.
  • Sleep Apnea.
  • Sleep state misperception.
  • Fatal familial insomnia.
47
Q

What is Narcolepsy?

A

A chronic neurological disorder caused by autoimmune destruction of hypocretin-producing neurons.

48
Q

What is Sleep Apnea?

A

Characterised by pauses in breathing or instances of shallow or infrequent breathing during sleep.

49
Q

What is SIDS?

A

When a healthy baby, usually between the ages of 2-4 months dies while asleep.

Biological Psychology (12 decks)

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