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Biological Psychology > Neurological & Psychiatric Disorders > Flashcards

Neurological & Psychiatric Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary symptoms of a stroke?

A

FAST
- F = Face dropped on one side.
- A = Weakness or numbness in one arm.
- S = Speech may be slurred.
- T = Time to call 999.

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2
Q

What are the uncommon symptoms of a stroke?

A
  • Complete paralysis of one side of the body.
  • Loss or blurring of vision.
  • Dizziness.
  • Confusion.
  • Difficulty understanding speech.
  • Difficulty swallowing.
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3
Q

What do arteries do?

A
  • Provide blood supply to the brain.
  • Includes oxyhaemoglobin.
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4
Q

What do veins do?

A
  • Drain spent blood back towards the heart.
  • Includes deoxyhaemoglobin which has dropped its oxygen.
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5
Q

What are formina?

A

Special holes in the skull that allow arteries, veins and nerves to pass through.

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6
Q

What is the role of the Posterior Cerebral Artery?

A

Supplies the occipital lobe and ventral temporal lobe.

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7
Q

What is the role of the Anterior Cerebral Artery?

A

Supplies the medial frontal lobe and some of the adjacent cortex on the lateral surface.

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8
Q

What is the role of the Middle Cerebral Artery?

A

Supplies a lateral zone spanning the frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex.

  • Associated with the brain areas involved with the symptoms of a stroke.
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9
Q

What traditional treatment can be used for a stroke?

A

Physiotherapy
- Focus on strengthening and stretching muscles.
- Promotes movements that re-establish neuron connections to control those muscles.

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10
Q

What are experimental treatments for a stroke?

A
  • Stem cells.
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation.
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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11
Q

What is Cerebral Palsy?

A
  • Post-natal motor control disorder.
  • Relate to stroke, usually from complications at birth.
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12
Q

What are the primary signs of Cerebral Palsy?

A
  • Delays in reaching development milestones.
  • Being too stiff.
  • Being too floppy.
  • Weak arms or legs.
  • Uncontrolled movements.
  • Hand tremors.
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13
Q

What are the different types of Cerebral Palsy?

A
  • Spastic Cerebral Palsy.
  • Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy.
  • Ataxic Cerebral Palsy.
  • Mixed Cerebral Palsy.
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14
Q

What is Spastic Cerebral Palsy?

A

Muscles are stiff and tight.

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15
Q

What is Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy?

A

Muscles switch between stiffness and floppiness.
- Causes uncontrolled body movements.

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16
Q

What is Ataxic Cerebral Palsy?

A

Balance and coordination problems.

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17
Q

What are the biological mechanisms of Cerebral Palsy?

A
  • Damage to white matter.
  • Infection caught by mother.
  • Stroke.
  • Injury to unborn baby’s head.
18
Q

What are traditional treatments of Cerebral Palsy?

A
  • Physio and assisted mobility.
  • Physio and Botulin toxin A.
  • Physio and gaming.
  • Physio and Robots.
19
Q

What are the primary mental symptoms of a concussion?

A
  • Confusion.
  • Loss of consciousness,
  • Feeling slow.
20
Q

What are the primary physical symptoms of a concussion?

A
  • Dizziness.
  • Nausea.
  • Headache.
21
Q

How do you treat a concussion?

A
  • Conserve energy - relax.
  • Sleep lots.
  • Eat well.
  • Slow return to physical and mental activity.
22
Q

In epilepsy, what are tonic seizures?

A

The patient goes stiff and likely falls.

23
Q

In epilepsy, what are clonic seizures?

A

The patient convulses in jerking and twitching motions.

24
Q

What are the primary symptoms of epilepsy?

A
  • Uncontrollable jerking and shaking (a fit).
  • Losing awareness.
  • Strange sensations.
  • Passing out.
  • Becoming stiff.
25
Q

What are the biological mechanisms of epilepsy?

A

A cascade of electrical activity throughout the brain.
- Uncontrolled brain activity,

26
Q

What treatments are used for epilepsy?

A

Anticonvulsants
- GABA agonist.

Surgical removal
- Most likely, Medial Temporal Lobe

27
Q

What are the primary mental symptoms of depression?

A
  • Lasting feelings of unhappiness.
  • Anhedonia (losing interest in things you used to enjoy).
  • Anxiety symptoms.
28
Q

What are the primary physical symptoms of depression?

A
  • Constantly tired.
  • Sleeping too much or too little.
29
Q

What are the biological mechanisms of depression?

A

There are too few monamines (serotonin & norepinephrine), causing more monamine receptors.

30
Q

What are the treatment options for depression?

A
  • Antidepressants.
  • CBT.
31
Q

How do antidepressants work?

A

It is not exactly known how they work.
- It is thought they work by increasing serotonin and noradrenaline neurotransmitters.

32
Q

What are the two most common anti depressants?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Selective-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

33
Q

What does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) involve?

A
  • Facing fears.
  • Testing beliefs and assumptions.
  • Replacing unhelpful habits.
34
Q

What are experimental treatments of depression?

A
  • Receptive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
  • Deep Brain Stimulation (with invasive surgery).
35
Q

What are the symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

A
  • Persistent low mood.
  • Loss of pleasure in usual activities.
  • Reduced sex drive.
  • Increased appetite.
  • Too much sleep.
  • Regularly timed to winter.
36
Q

What are the biological mechanisms of SAD?

A

Circadian rhythm

Phase-Shifting Delay Hypothesis
- Caused by starting your day before the circadian clock.

37
Q

What are the treatment options for SAD?

A
  • Morning light therapy.
  • Evening melatonin.
  • Antidepressants.
38
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Presences
- Delusions.
- Hallucinations.
- Inappropriate affect (emotions).
- Disorganised thoughts/speech.

39
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Absences
- Affect flattening.
- Avolition (absence of motivation).
- Catalonia (awkward, waxy, motionless).

40
Q

What are the biological mechanisms of schizophrenia?

A
  • The dopamine theory.
  • Dopaminergic pathways. There are 4 - explains diverse symptoms.
41
Q

What are the four dopaminergic pathways involved in schizophrenia?

A

Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway
- Inappropriate or flattened affect

The nigrostriatal pathway
- Catatonia.

Tubero-infundibular pathway
- Avolition.

Mesocortical pathway
- Delusions & Hallucinations.

Biological Psychology (12 decks)

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