sleep and dreams

Question 1

what is a circadian rhythm?

Answer 1

daily biological cycles associates with various characteristics and physiological changes

Question 2

when does body temperature drop and rise?

Question 3

when does melatonin drop and rise?

Question 4

are daily cycles and circadian rhythm the same for everyone? what do people describe themselves as?

Answer 4

no! being functional at different times

Question 5

that variability in daily cycles might be a function of?

Answer 5

natural selection

Question 6

there is a belief that circadian rhythm might be?

Answer 6

coded in our genes

Question 7

what are some factors that may disrupt circadian rhythm?

Answer 7

SAD, jet-lag, daylight savings, shift work, piolets

Question 8

what does the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) do?

Answer 8

regulates our circadian rhythm

Question 9

where is the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) located?

Answer 9

hypothalamus

Question 10

what does suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) have a connection to?

Answer 10

the eye

Question 11

what cues does the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) use to regulate the cycle?

Answer 11

light cues

Question 12

what does the pineal gland do?

Answer 12

secrets melatonin

Question 13

how many stages of sleep are there?

Answer 13

5

Question 14

how often do we cycle through each sleep stage?

Answer 14

every 90 minutes

Question 15

what is the typical order of the stages of sleep?

Answer 15

1-2-3-4-3-2-REM

Question 16

when do beta waves occur?

Answer 16

when awake and alert

Question 17

when do alpha waves emerge?

Answer 17

when relaxed and drowsy

Question 18

alpha and beta waves are measures of?

Answer 18

frequency

Question 19

what happens in stage one of sleep?

Answer 19

theta waves (slower then alpha and beta waves)
lasts a few minutes
may experience myoclonic jerks (body jerks)

Question 20

what happens in stage two of sleep?

Answer 20

muscles are more relaxed
breathing and heartrate slowed
more difficult to wake up
sleep spindles (1-2 second bursts of rapid brain activity)

Question 21

what happens in stage three of sleep?

Answer 21

regular appearance of delta waves (slow wave sleep, more difficult to wake up)

Question 22

what happens in stage four of sleep?

Answer 22

delta waves come to dominate in stage four (occur more frequently)

Question 23

stage three and four occur collectively together in a process known as?

Answer 23

slow-wave sleep

Question 24

what does REM sleep involve?

Answer 24

involves eye movements
high arousal (heart rate and breathing increase)
brain waves resemble active wakefulness
likely to report dreaming if woken up in this stage

Question 25

rem sleep typically involves sleep paralysis, what is it?

Answer 25

muscle activity in inhibited

Question 26

what is the REM rebound?

Answer 26

as we experience less sleep, intervals of time spent in rem increase (suggesting rem sleep is important)

Question 27

what is the restoration model of sleep?

Answer 27

sleep ‘recharges’ body, allowing recovery from mental/physical fatigue

Question 28

what are evolutionary/circadian models? what is an example?

Answer 28

the adaptive function that sleep provides; conserving energy due to the lower metabolic rate while sleeping

Question 29

what is some evidence for the restoration model?

Answer 29

we sleep longer on days we exert more energy

Question 30

what does the two-factor model draw on?

Answer 30

draws on elements of both restoration and evolutionary/circadian rhythm

Question 31

what happens in memory consolidation?

Answer 31

many replay various activities that happened in the day during sleep

Question 32

what happens to sleep as we age?

Answer 32

we need less, time spent as REM sleep declines

Question 33

what sleep stage do infants spent the most time in?

Answer 33

REM

Question 34

what stages of sleep can dreams occur in?

Answer 34

all of them !!

Question 35

when are we more likely to dream?

Answer 35

when the brain is more active in REM sleep

Question 36

what is the problem solving dream model?

Answer 36

dreams are an attempt to work through conflicts, issues and problems that we are currently facing in our daily lives

Question 37

what is the cognitive-process dream theory?

Answer 37

dreams are simply an extension of our normal waking state, with many of the same properties

Question 38

what did freud’s psychoanalytical theory view dreams as?

Answer 38

a source of wish fulfillment

Question 39

what is manifest content?

Answer 39

superficial element, manifested in a dream

Question 40

what is latent content?

Answer 40

meaning (symbolism)

Question 41

what is the activation synthesis theory?

Answer 41

dreams as a byproduct of the neural activation that occurs in response to sensory stimuli as we sleep
(our cerebral cortex tries to make sense of this seemingly ‘random’ patterns of activation by creating a dream that fits as closely as possible)

Question 42

what is an example of activation synthesis theory?

Answer 42

a really quiet alarm clock or microwave beeping might act as a fire alarm in your dream

Question 43

what is insomnia? what causes are we associated with?

Answer 43

chronic difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep. associated; can be due to genetics, depression, anxiety, etc

Question 44

what are pseudo-insomniacs?

Answer 44

they believe they have insomnia but sleep relatively normally

Question 45

what is narcolepsy? what sleep stage does someone immediately go into?

Answer 45

unpredictable and uncontrollable sleep attacks, typically leading someone to go directly into REM sleep

Question 46

what are the components of sleep walking?

Answer 46

typically occurs in stage 3 or 4
more common in children, who often grow out of it
many possible causes
many possible treatments

Question 47

what is REM-sleep behavior disorder characterized by?

Answer 47

characterized by a lack of the typical muscle paralysis that usually accompanies REM sleep dreamers can act out their dreams
risking injury to themselves and others