body senses and perception

Question 1

what is kinesthesis?

Answer 1

feedback about the muscle and joint positions

Question 2

receptors for this kinesthetic sense are?

Answer 2

nerve endings in muscles, joints and tendons

Question 3

what does the vestibular system provide?

Answer 3

information related to the sense of balance or spatial orientation

Question 4

what are the three semicircular canals that contain receptors for head movement?

Answer 4

left/right, backwards/forwards and up/down

Question 5

what are vestibular sacs?

Answer 5

respond to body position, indicate upright or at an angle

Question 6

what is bottom-up processing?

Answer 6

relatively automatic analysis of individual elements of stimulus which are combined into a unified whole
(typically relates to basic stimuli properties)

Question 7

what is top-down processing?

Answer 7

modulating role of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, expectations that affect how things are perceived and interpreted
(putting the pieces together and interpreting the meaning of them)

Question 8

what are the two primary roles for attention?

Answer 8

focusing and filtering

Question 9

what is inattentional blindness?

Answer 9

situations in which we fail to notice things that are right in front of us

Question 10

what is change blindness?

Answer 10

situations in which we fail to notice what may be considered relatively obvious changes

Question 11

many gestalt laws of perceptual organization predict how we perceive stimuli, what four factors does this include?

Answer 11

similarity, proximity, closure and continuity

Question 12

what is similarity?

Answer 12

grouping by feature

Question 13

what is proximity?

Answer 13

grouping by closeness

Question 14

what is closure?

Answer 14

close/open edges, boundaries

Question 15

what is continuity?

Answer 15

elements linked to form a continuous line

Question 16

what is figure-ground?

Answer 16

must be separated to interpret stimuli

Question 17

what is the ground?

Answer 17

typically not the focal point of the scene

Question 18

what is the figure?

Answer 18

distinct shape, typically the focal point

Question 19

what are perceptual schemas?

Answer 19

mental representation or image with which we compare stimuli to for us to recognize things

Question 20

what do perceptual schemas rely on?

Answer 20

prior knowledge, experience, expectations, etc

Question 21

what are perceptual constancies?

Answer 21

our tendency to recognize objects perceived in slightly different contexts as being the same

Question 22

what are monocular cues?

Answer 22

visually-based information that can be interpreted with a single eye, and are used to help us judge size and distance

Question 23

what are some examples of monocular cues?

Answer 23

light and shadows, linear perspective, interposition, texture, height on a horizontal plane, clarity, relative size

Question 24

what are binocular cues?

Answer 24

visually-based information that can only be interpreted using both eyes, and are used to help us judge size and distance

Question 25

what is binocular disparity?

Answer 25

slight differences in visual information related to the same object reach each eye, the amount of difference tells us about the difference

Question 26

what is convergence?

Answer 26

our eyes get closer together when we look at objects that are closer to us, and feedback from our ocular muscles help us keep track of how close or far apart things are

Question 27

what is a cue that can lead to the perception of motion?

Answer 27

movements of image across our retina

Question 28

what is the phi phenomenon?

Answer 28

we also sometimes perceive apparent motion (we can perceive cartoons and moving figures)

Question 29

what is the false perceptual hypothesis?

Answer 29

we make incorrect assumptions about some aspect/property of stimuli

Question 30

what is the ponzo illusion?

Answer 30

monocular depth cues (converging lines) suggest to us that the thick black line is father away, but they are the same length