learning and classical conditioning

Question 1

what is learning?

Answer 1

process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or performance capabilities

Question 2

what is learning more then? what does it encompass?

Answer 2

acquiring knowledge, it encompasses a much larger range of behavior and processes

Question 3

what does tabula rasa mean?

Answer 3

blank slate

Question 4

what is the behaviorist solution to operationalize learning?

Answer 4

to measure ‘doing’ by relying on performance-based metrics

Question 5

what evidence is there for diverse influences on learning beyond what behaviorists have traditionally argued for?

Answer 5

cognitive, environmental, biological and cross-cultural

Question 6

what is learning viewed as?

Answer 6

a personal adaptation in response to the specifics of one’s own environment

Question 7

what are the two forms of learning?

Answer 7

habituation and sensitization

Question 8

what is habituation?

Answer 8

decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus (similar but distinct from sensory adaptation)

Question 9

what is sensitization?

Answer 9

increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus

Question 10

what does our system pay more attention to?

Answer 10

things that have a more negative impact on you

Question 11

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 11

learning to associate two stimuli such that one stimulus comes to elicit response originally produced by the other stimulus

Question 12

what are the four steps to classical conditioning?

Answer 12

1. must start with naturally occurring distinctive response (a response that is not learned)
2. initially, a neutral stimulus is not associated with a natural response
3. pair stimulus that produces that natural behavior with the neutral stimulus
4. eventually, the neutral stimulus will come to produce the natural response by itself

Question 13

what is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Answer 13

elicits a reflective or innate (unconditioned) response without prior learning

Question 14

what is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Answer 14

through learning, comes to produce a conditioned response similar to the original unconditioned response

Question 15

what is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

Answer 15

the response elicited by the UCS (occurs without prior learning)

Question 16

what is the conditioned response (CR)?

Answer 16

the response that eventually comes to be elicited by the CS after the association is formed

Question 17

what is acquisition?

Answer 17

period of time in which cc association is learning

Question 18

each pairing of a CS/UCS is considered a?

Answer 18

learning trial

Question 19

the speed of acquisition usually depends on?

Answer 19

the order/delay for the CS and UCS presentation

Question 20

what is an example of fast acquisition?

Answer 20

if there is a traumatic car accident, and a certain song was playing, you become fearful whenever the song plays - conditioned (song) unconditioned (feeling fearful)

Question 21

what is the order, from fastest to slowest, of acquisition?

Answer 21

1. forward short-delay: CS presented first (and remains), then UCS
2. forward trace: CS presented first (then disappears), then the UCS
3. simultaneous: CS and UCS presented at the same time
4. backward: CS is presented after the UCS

Question 22

what happens when a learned association is no longer relevant?

Answer 22

extinction

Question 23

what occurs when extinction happens?

Answer 23

the CS stops being paired with the UCS, the CR weakens and eventually disappears

Question 24

what is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 24

the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR, in the absence of any learning trials

Question 25

what does spontaneous recovery demonstrate?

Answer 25

association (the learning and those neurons) still exist and are present in some level, and can be ‘reactivated’

Question 26

what is generalization?

Answer 26

extension of classically conditioned associations to another (sufficiently similar) stimuli

Question 27

generalization has a __________ response as stimuli become more similar?

Answer 27

stronger

Question 28

when does discrimination occur?

Answer 28

when the CR elicited in response to one stimulus but not to another

Question 29

discrimination has a ___________ response as stimuli become less similar?

Answer 29

weaker

Question 30

what is higher-order conditioning?

Answer 30

chain of events involving multiple CS

Question 31

what are some examples of classical conditioning?

Answer 31

taste aversion, marketing, products sold at hated workplaces

Question 32

what is exposure therapy?

Answer 32

expose patients to fearful/anxiety-provoking stimuli under neutral circumstances, to promotes extinction

Question 33

what is aversion therapy?

Answer 33

attempts are made to try to establish a negative association with some stimuli

Question 34

edward thorndike studied the question of how we learned new behaviors using a?

Answer 34

puzzle box (escape room for cats)

Question 35

how did the puzzle box for instrumental learning work?

Answer 35

1. cat is placed in a box and the door is closed
2. door opens if the cat does a specific action
   cat eventually performs necessary action to open the door, simply through trial and error, and gets let out