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psych 104 > drugs > Flashcards

drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

what do psychoactive substances do?

A

alter brain chemistry by crossing the blood-brain barrier and modifying synaptic transmission in some way (typically through one of the neurotransmitter stages)

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2
Q

what do agonists do?

A

increase activity of a neurotransmitter system

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3
Q

what do antagonists do?

A

inhibit or decrease activity of a neurotransmitter system

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4
Q

what are some examples of agonists?

A

opiates and amphetamines

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5
Q

what do opiates do?

A

bind to opiod receptors (which normally bind to endorphins) activating them and producing analgesic effects (removing pain), as well as feelings of reward (dopamine release)

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6
Q

what do amphetamines do?

A

bind to receptors, stimulating the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, as well as blocking their reuptake

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7
Q

what are two examples of antagonists?

A

antipsychotics and naloxone?

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8
Q

how do antipsychotics work?

A

by binding to dopamine receptors, which prevents substances (like dopamine) from binding and exerting their own effects

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9
Q

what can naloxone do?

A

reverse opiate overdoses because it binds to opioid receptors, which neutralizes the effects of circulating opioids by preventing them from binding to the same receptors

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10
Q

is naloxone a fast process?

A

noooopeeee

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11
Q

what is tolerance?

A

decrease in response to drug, whereby larger doses are needed to achieve similar effects

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12
Q

what is the body attempting to do with tolerance?

A

maintain homeostasis

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13
Q

what happens with withdrawal?

A

strong psychological reactions that are opposite to those which are associated with the drug one is withdrawing from

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14
Q

what is compensatory response?

A

physiological reactions opposite to that of the drug

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15
Q

what happens with the compensatory response (example)?

A

many associate certain locations or people with a certain activity, such as smoking

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16
Q

historically, a distinction had been drawn between substances that are ________________ addicting and _____________________ addicting

A

physiologically and psychologically

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17
Q

how do depressants work?

A

reducing/depress nervous system activity

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18
Q

what can depressants do in moderate and high doses?

A

moderate: induce a more relaxed state and reduce tension/anxiety
high: can inhibit critical systems (like breathing) to the point of danger/death

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19
Q

that larger the dose, the ___________ tolerance develops

A

faster

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20
Q

what is one of the most widely used drugs and depressants in the world?

A

alcohol

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21
Q

what are the two phases that alcohol exerts its effects?

A

initially increases GABA, then decreases glutamate

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22
Q

what is alcohol myopia?

A

reductions in cognitive function

23
Q

barbiturates and tranquilizers are both what kind of drug?

A

depressants

24
Q

both barbiturates and tranquilizers are broad categories of drugs that are widely used both?

A

clinically and recreationally

25
Q

what might barbiturates and tranquilizers be prescribed for?

A

anti-anxiety and anxiolytics properties, as a sleep aid and to prevent seizures

26
Q

what do barbiturates and tranquilizers do?

A

increase GABA and are highly addictive

27
Q

how do stimulants work?

A

increasing neuronal firing and general nervous system activity

28
Q

what happens in the body when you take stimulants?

A

increases blood pressure, heartrate, arousal, feeling of alertness

29
Q

what does amphetamine increase?

A

release of dopamine (reward) and norepinephrine (fight or flight)

30
Q

what can amphetamines be prescribed for?

A

ADHD

31
Q

what is amphetamine psychosis?

A

schizophrenia-like symptoms (hallucinations) that result from excess dopaminergic activity

32
Q

what is crystal methamphetamine?

A

particularly potent and typically impure form of amphetamine

33
Q

coca in a powdered form is called?

A

cocaine

34
Q

what does coca do?

A

blocks norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake

35
Q

what is crack cocaine?

A

smokable form with more intense effects that have a shorter duration

36
Q

what is the synthetic form of coca?

A

novocaine

37
Q

what does novocaine do?

A

blocks movement of sodium ions and has a numbing effect

38
Q

why do people snort drugs?

A

it gets into the bloodstream more quickly

39
Q

what does MDMA/ecstasy affect?

A

a wide range of behaviors, processes and emotions (feelings of well-being, empathy, social connection, sensory perception)

40
Q

what does MDMA cause?

A

release and blocks the reuptake of serotonin, as well as affects dopamine

41
Q

opiates come in many forms such as?

A

morphine, codeine, heroin, ocycontin

42
Q

what receptors do opiates bind to? what affect does this account for?

A

endorphins, accounts for analgesic response

43
Q

what activity do opiates increase?

A

dopaminergic, which accounts for the euphoric mood

44
Q

what do hallucinogens/psychedelics do?

A

distort and/or intensify sensory experience and modify cognition, typically by affecting serotonergic activity

45
Q

where are psilocybin found?

A

various mushrooms

46
Q

where is mescaline found?

A

various cacti

47
Q

how is LSD synthesized?

A

through a slight modification of a naturally occurring compound

48
Q

LSD acts similar to psilocybin/mescaline, but has a?

A

longer duration

49
Q

what is DMT? where is it found? what is it associated with?

A

a naturally occurring compound found in a range of plants, associated with particularly intense effects that last for a very short duration

50
Q

what kind of drug system does our body have?

A

endogenous cannabinoid system

51
Q

what behaviors and processes do cannabinoids effect?

A

sleep, appetite, pain, mood, memory, attention

52
Q

what systems might cannabis interact with?

A

GABA and dopamine

53
Q

what is the cannabis gateway hypothesis?

A

if you use cannabis, you will use all other drugs (correlational relationship)

54
Q

the effects drugs have on a person depend on what factors?

A

genes, physical and social setting, culture, beliefs and expectations, personality factors

psych 104 (18 decks)

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