Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psych 104 > operant conditioning > Flashcards

operant conditioning Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

a type of learning in which behavior is influenced by consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what was the skinner box?

A

device designed by bf skinner to automatically reinforce certain action while keeping a cumulative record of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the two essential components of operant conditioning?

A

reinforcement and punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

A

reinforcement is the response strengthened by an outcome that follows from it, whereas punishment is a response weakened by an outcome that follows from it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

skinner believed in the a + b leads to c theory. what does a, b and c stand for?

A

antecedent, behavior, and consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the antecedent in the a+b=c?

A

stimuli presented before a behavior occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the behavior in the a+b=c?

A

something the organism does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the consequence in the a+b=c?

A

something that is conditional on the behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the different between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

A

classical conditioning involves learning an association between two stimuli that occurs before a particular behavior and is elicited (automatic)
operant conditioning involves learning an association between a particular behavior and consequence, with the consequence occurring after the behavior and is emitted (voluntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the two kinds of reinforcement?

A

positive and negative reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

response is a presentation of a pleasant/desired stimulus; providing something pleasant as a reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

response is strengthened by removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus; removing something unpleasant as a reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the two kinds of punishment?

A

positive and negative punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

weakens response by introduction of something unpleasant (spankings, nagging, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is negative punishment?

A

weakens response by removal of something valued

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

operant conditioning has two kinds or reinforcers, what are they?

A

primary and secondary reinforcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are primary reinforcers?

A

stimuli that is reinforcing because they satisfy/disrupt biological needs (food, pain)

18
Q

what are secondary reinforcers?

A

acquire reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers (money, tokens)

19
Q

does reinforcement/punishment that occurs immediately after a behavior have a stronger effect?

A

yes

20
Q

what is the delay of gratification?

A

the ability to forego an immediate smaller reward fir a delayed but more satisfying outcome

21
Q

a reward that is __________ feels less rewarding than a reward that is __________

A

further, closer

22
Q

what is operant extinction?

A

weakening/disappearance of operant response if no longer reinforced

23
Q

can the resistance to extinction of operant conditioning vary?

A

yes

24
Q

what is operant generalization?

A

operant response extended to new antecedent stimulus/situation

25
Q

what is operant discrimination?

A

operant response is withheld from antecedent stimulus/situation

26
Q

what is shaping in operant conditioning?

A

begin with a behavior that organism is already able to do that somehow resembles that eventual goal (target behavior) but is much easier
trying to get an organism to learn a behavior by starting with a less extreme version of the task, and ramp up the intensity

27
Q

an example of shaping is if a child is not speaking in front of other people. how would shaping allow for the child to speak?

A
  1. begin by having them whisper a single word
  2. have them say the word slightly louder
  3. trying to have them say more words
28
Q

what is chaining?

A

a very specific sequence (chain) of events of responses is reinforced in steps, want to step up the behavior that as soon as the first step is completed, the second step follows

29
Q

how do chaining and shaping differ?

A

unlike shaping, chaining is about putting the pieces together exactly how they were learned

30
Q

what are the two schedules of reinforcement?

A

fixed and variable schedules

31
Q

what is the difference between fixed and variable schedules?

A

fixed schedules are where the reinforcement is entirely predictable, whereas variable schedules reinforcement is not predictable

32
Q

fixed schedules are divided into fixed ratios and fixed intervals. what are the differences?

A

fixed ratios are when the reinforcement occurs after completing a constant number of responses, whereas fixed intervals are reinforcement that is available after a constant length of time

33
Q

variable schedules also have variable ratios or intervals. what is the difference?

A

the variable ratio is when reinforcement occurs after a changing number of responses, whereas the variable interval is reinforcement that is available after a changing length of time

34
Q

did ratios or intervals have a higher rate of responding?

A

ratios

35
Q

what is continuous reinforcement?

A

every response of a particular type is reinforced

36
Q

what is partial reinforcement?

A

only sometimes are reinforced

37
Q

what is the difference between continuous and partial reinforcement?

A

continuous is more rapid, yet lost quicker, while partial is slower, yet is more resistant to extinction

38
Q

what is escape conditioning?

A

learn response to terminate aversive stimuli (ie. aloe on sunburn)

39
Q

what is avoidance conditioning?

A

learn response to avoid aversive stimuli (ie. put on sunblock to avoid sunburn)

40
Q

what is the two factor theory of avoidance?

A

initial association between the stimuli develops (via classical conditioning)
negative reinforcement maintains avoidant response (via operant conditioning mechanisms)

41
Q

how can operant conditioning be applied?

A

specialized animal training: training animals to perform certain tasks that assist people with various kinds of disabilities
behavior modification/applied behavior analysis (ABA): using principles of conditioning to stop behavior considered problematic
token economy: reinforce good behavior with ‘tokens’ that can be exchanged for tangible rewards

psych 104 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions