Sleep

Question 1

Is sleep structured?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What is the basic architecture of sleep?

Answer 2

stage 1
stage 2
stage 3 - deep sleep
stage 4 - deep sleep
(sleep staircase)
REM sleep dispersed in between

Question 3

What stages of sleep are deep sleep? how do we know?

Answer 3

Stages 3 and 4

slow brain waves

Question 4

What is REM sleep?

Answer 4

Rapid eye movement sleep

brain actively inhibits voluntary muscles - only movement is flickering of eyelids. literally paralysed.

Question 5

What is core sleep? What is optional sleep?

Answer 5

core:
first 5 hours
most of deep sleep (stage 3 & 4)
half of REM sleep

optional:
next 2+ hours
mostly stage 2&1

Question 6

What happens to sleep when all time/light cues are removed? Bunker study

Answer 6

Circadian rhythm is 25 hours - each phase of sleep is shifted by an hour

Question 7

How many hours will newborns sleep for?

Answer 7

16 hours

Question 8

At what age have most changes in sleep occurred?

Answer 8

Around 10

Question 9

What are 3 key developmental changes in sleep as we age?

Answer 9

reduction in total sleep time
early reduction in % REM
later reduction in stages 3&4 (deep sleep) - most lost by age 40 - also, reduction in parasomnias (sleepwalking, sleeptalking, night terrors).

Question 10

What is the mean sleep duration?

Answer 10

7.75 hours

Question 11

Give 3 ways to investigate sleep

Answer 11

subjective sleep quality
movement during sleep
EEG output
dream content

Question 12

What is sleep latency?

Answer 12

Time it takes to onset of sleep

Question 13

What are 2 features of REM dreams?

Answer 13

2x more likely

6x longer and more vivid

Question 14

What % of the population has insomnia?

Answer 14

30%

Question 15

What are the features of insomnia?

Answer 15

Delayed sleep onset
Disturbed sleep
Early morning waking
Wake up a lot during the night - feel like they've been awake longer than they've been asleep
not much stage 3/4/REM

Question 16

What are some possible causes of insomnia?

Answer 16

Psychological problems (depression, anxiety)
Medical disorders (esp. pain)
Social environment (alcohol, drugs)

Question 17

What are 3 approaches to treat insomnia?

Answer 17

hypnotic drugs
sleep education
sleep hygiene - behavioural changes
dealing with tension/intrusive thoughts - relaxation and cognitive approaches

Question 18

What is narcolepsy?

Answer 18

Sleep attacks
Cataplexy (paralysis of voluntary muscles)
Vivid sleep-onset dreams (hallucinations?)

Question 19

What % of the population suffers from narcolepsy?

Answer 19

0.02-0.05%

Question 20

What is sleep paralysis?

Answer 20

On going to sleep or on waking, you are conscious with eyes open but unable to move, hallucinations
REM sleep intrusion

Question 21

Which people are more likely to experience sleep paralysis?

Answer 21

shift workers

those with jet lag

Question 22

Who did a study of 264 hours (11 days) without sleep?

… it’s his name not his occupation

Answer 22

Randy Gardner

Question 23

What were found to be the main health issues after 11 days without sleep?

Answer 23

dry eyes
swollen lymph nodes
transient heart murmur (disappeared a month later)
fall in skin temp and core body temp (metabolic shut down)
problems with speech, memory
minor hand tremor

NO decline in balance and walking –> core brain functions remained intact, only cortical functions were affected

Question 24

How much of his lost sleep did Randy regain after 11 days without sleep? What stage was the majority of this?

Answer 24

24% (around 1/3)

Stage 4 and REM

Question 25

What body functions will mainly be affected by sleep deprivation?

Answer 25

Cortical functions (memory, speech etc)