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Anatomy (TOPNOTCH SUPPLEMENT) > SKULL > Flashcards

SKULL Flashcards

1
Q

FACIAL

A

PAIRED: palatine, lacrimal, maxilla, nasal, inferior nasal concha, zygomatic

UNPAIRED: vomer, mandible

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2
Q

The point of meeting and articulation of the frontal, parietal, squamous temporal and great wing of sphenoid

A

PTERION

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3
Q

Skull fracture at PTERION

A

May lacerate the MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY and cause an EPIDURAL or EXTRADURAL HEMATOMA

May compress the lateral part of a Cerebral hemisphere and RESULT IN HERNIATION OF THE MEDIAL PART OF TEMPORAL LOBE - COMPRESS THE BRAINSTEM

Initially - lucid asymptomatic interval, followed by WEAKNESS OF LIMB MUSCLES, DILATED PUPIL (compression of CN III) and DETERIORATION of CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS

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4
Q

May cause blood or CSF to escape from the ear, hearing loss and facial nerve damage

A

Petrous portion of the temporal bone

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5
Q

Anosmia, periorbital bruising / raccoon eyes and CSF leakage from the nose / rhinorrhea

A

Anterior cranial fossa

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6
Q

Fractures of the MAXILLAE

A

Le Fort I - horizontal fracture superior to the maxillary alveolar process

Le Fort II - posterolateral parts of the maxillary sinuses, CENTRAL PART of the FACE SEPARATED FROM CRANIUM

Le Fort III - horizontal fracture that passes through the superior orbital fissure, ethmoid and nasal extending to greater wing of sphenoid, MAXILLAE AND ZYGOMATIC SEPARATED FROM CRANIUM

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7
Q

Layers (SCALP)

A

Skin - sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles

Connective tissue - vascularized subcutaneous layer

Aponeurosis (GALEA APONEUROTICA) - tendinous sheet coverring the calvaria

Loose connective tissue - allows free movement of the scalp proper, EMISSARY VEINS - DANGER AREA

Pericranium/Periosteum

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8
Q

Premature closure of SAGITTAL suture

Frontal and occipital expansion

Long and narrow skull

A

Scaphocephaly

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9
Q

Premature closureof CORONAL suture

Short, high skull

“Tower skull”

A

Oxycephaly/Acrocephaly

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10
Q

Premature closure of coronal and lambdoid sutures on one side of the skull

A

Plagiocephaly

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11
Q

3 primary brain vesicles

A

Forebrain/Prosencephalon

Midbrain/Mesencephalon

Hindbrain/Rhombencephalon

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12
Q

5 weeks of development

A

Prosencephalon divides into TELENCEPHALON and DIENCEPHALON

MESENCEPHALON - no division

Rhombencephalon divides into METENCEPHALON and MYENCEPHALON

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13
Q

Derivatives of the Brain Vesicles

A

Telencephalon- Cerebrum

Diencephalon - Thalamus

Mesencepphalon - Midbrain

Metencephalon - Pons, Cerebellum

Myelencephalon - Medulla

NEURAL TUBE diffentiates into the CNS

NEURAL CREST gives rise to the cells that forms the PNS and ANS, CRANIAL and SPINAL AUTONOMIC GANGLIA

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14
Q

Neural crest derivatives

A

Sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves

Neurolemmal sheath of Peripheral nerve

Meninges

Pigment cells of retina

Cells of adrenal medulla

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15
Q

Defective closure of the neural tube (4th week)

Etiologies:
Nutritional factors
Environmetal factors
Recent evidence proves that Folic acid/folate reduces the incidence of NTDs by as much as 70% if 400mg is taken daily beginning 3 months prior to conception and continuing throughout gestation

A

Neural tube defect

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16
Q

Anatomical Levels of NS

A

SUPRATENTORIAL LEVEL

INFRATENTORIAL/POSTERIOR FOSSA LEVEL

SPINAL LEVEL

PERIPHERAL LEVEL

17
Q

Located ABOVE TENTORIUM CEREBELLA

Cerebrum, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, CN I and II

A

SUPRATENTORIAL LEVEL

18
Q

Located BELOW TENTORIUM CEREBELLI but ABOVE FORAMEN MAGNUM

Cerebellum, brainstem (midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata), CN III to XII

A

INFRATENTORIAL/POSTERIOR FOSSA LEVEL

19
Q

Located BELOW FORAMEN MAGNUM but contained WITHIN the VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Spinal cord, spinal nerves within the vertebral column

A

SPINAL LEVEL

20
Q

Located OUTSIDE the SKULL and VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Neuromuscular structures located outside skill and vertebral column including CNs and spinal nerves and their peripheral branches

A

PERIPHERAL LEVEL

21
Q

The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 protective membranes or MENINGES

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

22
Q

CRANIAL

A

PAIRED: parietal, temporal

UNPAIRED: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

23
Q

Dura mater of the brain (2 layers)

A

ENDOSTEAL LAYER

MENINGEAL LAYER

24
Q

Periosteum covering the inner surface of skull bones

A

Endosteal layer

25
Q

Dura mater proper

Dense string fibrous membrane covering the brain and is continuous through the foramen magnum with the dura mater of the spinal cord

A

Meningeal layer

26
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Sickle

Shaped fold of dura mater that lies in the midline between two cerebral hemispheres

Its narrow anterior end is attached to the frontal crest and crista galli

27
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Crescent

Shaped fold of dura mater that roofs over the posterior cranial fossa

Covers the upper surface of the cerebellum and supports the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

28
Q

Small, sickle

Shaped fold of dura mater attached to the internal occipital crest and projects forward between the two cerebellar hemispheres

A

Falx cerebelli

29
Q

Diaphragma sella

A

Small, circular fold of dura mater that forms the roof for the sella turcica

30
Q

The DURA mater receives its sensory nerve supply from the TRIGEMINAL AND THE FIRST THREE CERVICAL NERVES

the Dura ABOVE THE TENTORIUM is innvervated by the TRIGEMINAL NERVE and headache is referres to the forehead and the face

The Dura BELOW THE TENTORIUM is innervated by the CERVICAL NERVES AND THE HEADACHE IS REFERRED TO THE BACK OF THE HEAD AND NECK

A

FALX CEREBRI

31
Q

Delicate, impermeable membrane covering the brain and lying between the pia mater internally and the dura materr externally

Separated from the dura by a potential space, SUBDURAL SPACE

Separated from pia mater by the SUBARACHNOID SPACE which is filled with tthe CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/CSF

A

ARACHNOID MATER

32
Q

Vascular membrane covered by flattened mesothelial cells

Closely invests the brain covering the Gyri and descending into the deepest Sulci

A

PIA MATER

Anatomy (TOPNOTCH SUPPLEMENT) (71 decks)

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