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Esthetics > Skin Physiology > Flashcards

Skin Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the skins function.

A

Skin physiology

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2
Q

Microscopic study of the skins tissue.

A

Skin histology

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3
Q

Study of the skin, it’s structure, functions, disease, and treatment.

A

Dermatology

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4
Q

What are the 6 primary functions of the skin?

A 
Protection
Absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Regulation
Sensation
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5
Q

Tiny openings or passage ways which allow sweat or sebum to pass through the surface of the skin.

A

Pores

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6
Q

An opening that contains the root of a hair within it.

A

Hair follicle

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7
Q

A complex mixture of fatty substances that keeps the skin soft, supple, and pliable that is excreted by the skin.

A

Sebum

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8
Q

The primary component of skin cells that a a protein substance which contains several chemical elements.

A

Keratin

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9
Q

Makes up the fingernails and hair.

A

Hard keratin

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10
Q

Makes up the skin

A

Soft keratin

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11
Q

The outermost layer of the skin.

A

Epidermis

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12
Q

The underlying or inner second layer of the skin. Also known as true skin

A

Dermis

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13
Q

Located below the dermis and is composed primarily of adipose tissue

A

Subcutaneous

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14
Q

The epidermis is primarily composed of ________ and also made up of epithelial cells.

A

Keratinocytes

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15
Q

The hardened, cornified, horny cell layer of the epidermis.

A

Stratum corneum

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16
Q

The transparent, clear, lucid cell layer of the epidermis.

A

Stratum lucidum

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17
Q

The grain like cells of the epidermis.

A

Stratum granulosum

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18
Q

The spiny, irregularly shaped cells of the epidermis.

A

Stratum spinosum

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19
Q

The basement layer of the epidermis where cell growth occurs.

A

Stratum germinatavium or basale

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20
Q

The chemical conversion of living cells into dead protein cells. That keeps the skin soft.

A

Keratinization

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21
Q

Keratinocytes remain tightly interconnected by intercellular connections called ________ that make the layers water resistant.

A

Desmosomes

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22
Q

Keratinocytes remain in the stratum corneum for __ days before being shed

A

28

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23
Q

This layer a thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

A

Stratum lucidum

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24
Q

Provide your palms and soles with traction, allow you to grasp and also not slip. Are unique to each person.

A

Epidermal ridges or whorls

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25
Q

The layer where the process of keratinization begins.

A

Stratum granulosum

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26
Q

______ cells are found in the stratum spinosum layer and help protect the body from infection. They identify the foreign material.

A

Langerhans

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27
Q

Immune cells that recognize the antigens displayed on the Langerhans cells to assist in destroying them.

A

T cells

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28
Q

Touch receptors or sensory cells that are only found in thick skin in the stratum germinatavium.

A

Merkle cells

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29
Q

Give skin it’s color and are not found in thick skin.

A

Melanocytes

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30
Q

Melanocytes produce melanin which is packaged in intracellular vesicles called _________.

A

Melanosomes

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31
Q

The dermis is ____x thicker than the epidermis.

A

25

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32
Q

The layer of skin that is the main support system and is comprised of man connective tissues and is rich in capillaries and blood vessels.

A

Dermis

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33
Q

_______ cells in the dermis are responsible for the formation of fibers and aid in the production of collagen and elastin.

A

Fibroblast

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34
Q

A strong protein substance that when broken down forms bundles that strengthen and give structure to the skin. Makes up 70% of the dermis.

A

Collagen

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35
Q

Excessive amounts of collagen that. produce thick, raised scars.

A

Keloids and hypertrophic scars

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36
Q

A fibrous protein similar to collagen and is the basis of what forms elastic tissue. Give skin stretch and elasticity.

A

Elastin

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37
Q

_____ cells are located in the dermis and respond to allergies by releasing small granules called histamine a.

A

Mast

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38
Q

The layer of the dermis that lies directly beneath the epidermis. Houses sensory nerve endings and projections that nourish the skin.

A

Papillary dermis

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39
Q

The ________ are free nerve endings located in the dermis and cold receptors outnumber the heat by 3 to 4 times.

A

Thermoreceptors

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40
Q

_________ sense stretching, compression, or twisting of the skin.

A

Mechanorexeptors

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41
Q

The receptor in the dermal layer that senses light pressure and cold receptors.

A

Meissners corpuscles

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42
Q

The receptors in the dermis that sense long term pressure and heat receptors.

A

Ruffini’s corpuscles

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43
Q

The receptors in the dermis that sense deep pressure and pain receptors.

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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44
Q

The receptors in the dermis that sense pressure and pain receptors.

A

Krauses end bulbs

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45
Q

The lowest layer of the dermis that contained collagen and elastin and provides strength and flexibility.

A

Reticular dermis

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46
Q

Produce sweat, a mixture of water, urea, electrolytes and lactic acid. Controlled by the nervous system.

A

Sudoriferous glands

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47
Q

Sweat glands located under the arms, in the genitals and the nipples that secrete an odorless substance when triggered by emotions.

A

Apocrine glands

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48
Q

Sweat glands located throughout the body and are most abundant on the forehead, palms, and soles.

A

Eccrine glands

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49
Q

Glands that release their secretions into the blood and are known as ductless glands.

A

Endocrine

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50
Q

Glands that release their secretions into ducts.

A

Exocrine glands

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51
Q

_______ glands are attached to the upper third of a hair follicle and are two to three times larger around facial hair.

A

Sebaceous

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52
Q

A male hormone present in both men and women.

A

Androgen

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53
Q

The layer located below the dermis and is composed of fatty tissue and acts as the body’s cushioning.

A

Subcutaneous

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54
Q

The bottom layer of the epidermis that connects it to the dermis.

A

Hemidesmosomes

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55
Q

The removal of dead skin cells that stimulates new cell growth.

A

Exfoliation

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56
Q

The physical process of removing dead skin cells with an abrasive product.

A

Mechanical exfoliatikn

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57
Q

The process of using natural substances such as enzymes or acids in conjunction with other ingredients to remove dead skin cells

A

Chemical exfoliation

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58
Q

The process of absorption into the skin is known as ____________. Found in medical patches that release into the blood stream.

A

Transdermal penetration

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59
Q

The substance that binds, adds structural strength, and mediates biochemical interactions between cells.

A

Intracellular cement

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60
Q

A condition visible on the surface of the skin that includes small red bumps, urticaria, blisters, scales, and erythema.

A

Rashes

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61
Q

A change in the structure of the skin tissue.

A

Lesion

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62
Q

A discoloration on the skins surface. Flat areas that are usually rounded and distinct.

A

Macule

63
Q

A solid formation above the skin often caused by insect bites or allergic reaction. Sharply defined or solid, raised pink swelling or welt.

A

Wheal

64
Q

A small elevation of the skin usually inflammatory and doesn’t contain pus. If they progress they can become pustules.

A

Papule

65
Q

A small inflamed elevation, the next step in the progression from a papule filled with bacterial fluid and pus. Appear red and cloudy or white.

A

Pustule

66
Q

A fluid filled elevation in the skin caused by localized accumulation of fluids and blood just below the epidermis. Also known as a blister.

A

Vesicles

67
Q

Found above skin and contains a clear, watery fluid. Similar to a vesicle but larger.

A

Bulla

68
Q

A solid mass within the skin. May be soft or hard, fixed or freely moving.

A

Nodule or tumor

69
Q

An abnormal membranous sac containing a gaseous, liquid or semi solid substance.

A

Cyst

70
Q

Changes in the structure of the skin during the early stages if change and development.

A

Primary lesions.

71
Q

Lesions that appear as a condition or disease progresses and require treatment by a physician.

A

Secondary lesions

72
Q

A dried mass that is the remains of an oozing sore. May contain blood, pus, sebum, epithelial tissue, and bacterial debris.

A

Crust

73
Q

A mechanical abrasion of the epidermis. It appears bright to dark red because of dried blood and occurs when scratched.

A

Excoriation

74
Q

The shedding of dead skin cells of the uppermost layer of the epidermis.

A

Scale

75
Q

A formation resulting from a lesion which extends into the dermis or deeper and is part of the normal healing process.

A

Scar

76
Q

A crack or line in the skin that may penetrate as deep as the dermis.

A

Fissure

77
Q

An open lesion visible on the surface of the skin that may result in the loss of portions of the dermis.

A

Ulcer

78
Q

A hereditary rash or an inflammation of the skin, characterized by dry, sensitive irritated skin.

A

Atopic dermatitis

79
Q

A rash caused by either an allergic reaction from contact with substances such as dyes, detergents, plants etc. characterized by red itchy areas.

A

Contact dermatitis

80
Q

A common skin rash with redness and scaly pinkish yellow patches that have an oily appearance. A form of eczema. Usually on the scalp but can appear elsewhere.

A

Seborrheic dermatitis

81
Q

An inheritable disease that can be triggered by environmental factors is a person is genetically predispositioned. An excess of thick, scaly silver patches.

A

Psoriasis

82
Q

Characterized by dry or moist lesions, an eruption of small vesicles and watery discharge. Inflammatory redness and itching. Leaves the skin in crusts.

A

Eczema

83
Q

An allergic reaction that produce an eruption of wheals, also known as urticaria. Caused by the release of histamines in the body.

A

Hives

84
Q

Caused by a pathogenic bacteria or virus entering the body or skin and multiplying to the point of interference.

A

Infections

85
Q

A highly contagious viral infection that lies dormant between out breaks. Causes eruptive, blister like clusters.

A

Herpes simplex

86
Q

Causes cold sores and is transmitted from secretions around the mouth.

A

Herpes simplex 1

87
Q

The cause of genital herpes and is transmitted by direct contact with sores.

A

Herpes simplex 2

88
Q

Caused by the varicella zoster virus that causes chicken pox.

A

Herpes zoster

89
Q

A highly contagious bacterial infection caused by the staphylococcus aureus. Produces a honey yellow crusted lesion.

A

Impetigo

90
Q

The medical term for ringworm. A contagious fungal disease.

A

Tinea

91
Q

A fungal infection affecting the trunk, legs or arms characterized by a pink to red rash and itching.

A

Tinea corporis

92
Q

Commonly known as tricolor yeast infection. Non contagious and produces hyper pigmented areas that will not tan.

A

Tines versicolor

93
Q

Viral infections on the top layer of the skin that are caused by HPV. The most common tumor.

A

Warts or verruca

94
Q

A common skin infection caused by yeast. Causes red, well demarcated patches with a white film around them that thrive in moist areas.

A

Candida albicans

95
Q

An acute and very contagious form of conjunctivitis that causes an inflammation of the membrane that lines the eyelid

A

Pink eye

96
Q

A dry, scaly skin caused by reduced sebum production. This occurs as tissue ages.

A

Asteatosis

97
Q

A condition caused by excess secretion of the sebaceous glands. Commonly associated with oily skin types.

A

Seborrhea

98
Q

A harmless sebaceous cyst filled with sebum which is considered a tumor of the sebaceous glands. Also called wens.

A

Steatoma

99
Q

A painful infection of a hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue that appears as a firm module with a central hard pus filled core.

A

Furuncle or boil.

100
Q

A group of boils. Very painful, acute bacterial infection characterized by inflammation that involves several hair follicles.

A

Carbuncle

101
Q

A chronic inflammatory condition of the face in which small capillaries of the face become dilated and inflamed.

A

Rosacea

102
Q

The dilated capillaries at the surface of the skin. Cause a persistent red, flushed look.

A

Telangiectasia

103
Q

A more severe form of Rosacea which causes the tissue of the nose to swell and enlarge.

A

Rhinophyma

104
Q

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands. Occurs when hair follicles become plugged with sebum and becomes inflamed.

A

Acne

105
Q

What are two major causes of acne?

A

Hormonal changes and genetics

Also stress, medication, environment, steroids, pregnancy, puberty etc

106
Q

Acne is always causes by excess ________.

A

Androgen

107
Q

The degree if pore clogging directly related to the accumulation of the keratinized skin cells that adhere to the follicle.

A

Retention hyperkeratosis

108
Q

An open follicle with a black surface plug which has been oxidized and discolored due to the sebum contacting air.

A

Blackhead or open comedo

109
Q

A plugged sebaceous gland with an opening that isn’t widely dilated, they begin to bulge in structure. Sebum produced can’t escape. Are generally soft and easy to extract.

A

Whitehead or closed comedo

110
Q

Mild acne consisting of open and closed comedones scattered over less than half of the areas of the face or back.

A

Grade 1 Acne

111
Q

Moderate acne that has an increased number of open and closed comedones as well as an occasional pustule or papule.

A

Grade 2 Acne

112
Q

Moderately sever acne that is characterized by numerous open and closed comedones, papules, pustules and occasional cysts. Red and inflamed, may have scarring.

A

Grade 3 Acne. DO NOT TREAT

113
Q

Severe acne consisting of numerous papules and pustules as well as a large number of cysts on the face, back, and chest. Have deep scarring. Acne is on over 50% of the face.

A

Grade 4 Acne. DO NOT TREAT

114
Q

Pearly white enclosed cysts that are hard to the touch and difficult to remove. Referred to as baby acne.

A

Milia

115
Q

What are some main acne myths?

A

Acne is caused by poor diet like chocolate.

You just have to let acne run its course.

116
Q

Inflammatory hard lesions found deeper in the skin at the point where there hair follicle becomes plugged with dead skin cells.

A

Nodular cystic acne

117
Q

An ingredient used to dry and exfoliate acne. It releases oxygen which helps in killing the bacteria.

A

Benzoyl peroxide

118
Q

Medications prescribed by a physician to dry the skin and kill the bacteria that cause acne.

A

Topical antibiotics

119
Q

Medication for acne that contains Tretinoin, a powerful derivative of vitamin a that dries the skin and promotes rapid exfoliation.

A

Retin-A

120
Q

An acid that promotes drying and cell turnover. Usually used to treat acne.

A

Azaleic acid

121
Q

A beta hydroxy acid that mildly dries and promotes cell turnover by producing mild keratolytic action.

A

Salicylic acid.

122
Q

An alpha hydroxy acid that breaks the bonds that connect skin cells together allowing for cell turnover and exfoliation. Unclog pores.

A

Glycolic acids

123
Q

A controversial medication sometimes prescribed for grade 3 and 4 acne that inhibits the function of the sebaceous glands.

A

Accutane

124
Q

A sudoriferous gland disorder that is a foul smelling perspiration caused by the yeast and bacteria that break down the sweat on the surface of the skin.

A

Bromidrosis or osmidrosis

125
Q

A sudoriferous gland disorder where there is a lack of perspiration caused by the failure of the sweat glands.

A

Anihidrosis

126
Q

A sudoriferous gland disorder that is an over production of perspiration caused by excessive heat or general body weakness.

A

Hyperhidrosis

127
Q

A sudoriferous gland disorder that is an acute burning, itching rash, caused by excessive heat. An inflammatory disorder that causes prickly heat.

A

Milaria Rubra

128
Q

Skin growth that has a regular shape, is skin colored or brown and is flat and raised and symmetrical. They are harmless and non cancerous.

A

Benign growths or moles

129
Q

Small elevated skin growths that can easily be removed.

A

Skin tags

130
Q

Skin growths that are either flat or raises and are irregular in shape and border. The color is irregular and is more than 6 mm in size.

A

Premalignant growths

131
Q

Irregularly shaped scaly red-pink skin growths that feel rough to the touch and occur on sun exposed areas. May develop into malignant lesions.

A

Actinic keratosis

132
Q

Skin growths that are cancerous.

A

Malignant growths

133
Q

Common malignant lesions that tend to appear translucent, have irregular borders and tiny blood vessels running in them.

A

Basal cell carcinomas

134
Q

An irregular crusted red papule that occurs in sun exposed areas and may be actinic keratosis that went untreated. Dangerous since they invade lymph nodes.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

135
Q

The most dangerous skin growth that evolve from flat or raised pigmented lesions anywhere on the body. Will become malignant.

A

Melanoma

136
Q

What are the guidelines for checking a mole?

A

Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter

137
Q

A group of inherited conditions that result in the failure of the skin to produce melanin. Pale skin, white blonde hair and blue eyes. Hypersensitive to light.

A

Albinism

138
Q

A congenital disorder that occurs when the skin lacks pigmentation due to a decrease in melanocyte activity. Causes partial or total loss of skin pigmentation in patches.

A

Leukoderma

139
Q

An acquired skin disease characterized by white patches that are caused by a loss of pigment in a number of melanin cells. Appear in irregular shapes. Surrounded by a heavily pigmented border.

A

Vitiligo

140
Q

A birthmark or congenital mole.

A

Nevus

141
Q

A freckle, small yellowish or brownish spot on the skin.

A

Lentigo

142
Q

A disorder that results from trauma to tissues from acne, burns, injury or some skin rashes that creates flat darkened patches that are irregular in shape and appear anywhere.

A

Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation

143
Q

A common disorder pregnant women have that results in increased pigmentation causing light to dark patches to occur on the face. The pregnancy mask.

A

Chloasma or melasma

144
Q

An inflammation that causes severe itching usually on undamaged skin.

A

Pruritus

145
Q

The skins natural aging process that is composed of genetics.

A

Intrinsic aging

146
Q

Skin deterioration caused by external factors that are within an individuals control. Number one factor is sun exposure.

A

Extrinsic aging

147
Q

A universally accepted system for classifying skin types according to their tolerance and reaction to ultraviolet radiation.

A

Fitzpatrick photo type scale

148
Q

Type __ alway burns and never tans. Has very fair skin generally with blonde or red hair.

A

1

149
Q

Type __ almost always burns and tans minimally. Very common skin type, fair skinned individuals.

A

2

150
Q

Type __ sometimes burns and usually tans. Could be of Mediterranean descent, white skin with medium pigment.

A

3

151
Q

Type __ tans easily and very rarely burns. Skin color tends to be a moderate brown shade.

A

4

152
Q

Type __ almost always tans and seldom burns. This client is generally Asian, Indian, Latin, Hispanic, or African.

A

5

153
Q

Type __ never burns and tans very dark. The clients skin is black in color.

A

7

Esthetics (15 decks)

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