Skin Physiology Flashcards
1
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The study of the skins function.
A
Skin physiology
2
Q
Microscopic study of the skins tissue.
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Skin histology
3
Q
Study of the skin, it’s structure, functions, disease, and treatment.
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Dermatology
4
Q
What are the 6 primary functions of the skin?
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Protection Absorption Secretion Excretion Regulation Sensation
5
Q
Tiny openings or passage ways which allow sweat or sebum to pass through the surface of the skin.
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Pores
6
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An opening that contains the root of a hair within it.
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Hair follicle
7
Q
A complex mixture of fatty substances that keeps the skin soft, supple, and pliable that is excreted by the skin.
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Sebum
8
Q
The primary component of skin cells that a a protein substance which contains several chemical elements.
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Keratin
9
Q
Makes up the fingernails and hair.
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Hard keratin
10
Q
Makes up the skin
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Soft keratin
11
Q
The outermost layer of the skin.
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Epidermis
12
Q
The underlying or inner second layer of the skin. Also known as true skin
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Dermis
13
Q
Located below the dermis and is composed primarily of adipose tissue
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Subcutaneous
14
Q
The epidermis is primarily composed of ________ and also made up of epithelial cells.
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Keratinocytes
15
Q
The hardened, cornified, horny cell layer of the epidermis.
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Stratum corneum
16
Q
The transparent, clear, lucid cell layer of the epidermis.
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Stratum lucidum
17
Q
The grain like cells of the epidermis.
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Stratum granulosum
18
Q
The spiny, irregularly shaped cells of the epidermis.
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Stratum spinosum
19
Q
The basement layer of the epidermis where cell growth occurs.
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Stratum germinatavium or basale
20
Q
The chemical conversion of living cells into dead protein cells. That keeps the skin soft.
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Keratinization
21
Q
Keratinocytes remain tightly interconnected by intercellular connections called ________ that make the layers water resistant.
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Desmosomes
22
Q
Keratinocytes remain in the stratum corneum for __ days before being shed
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28
23
Q
This layer a thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
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Stratum lucidum
24
Q
Provide your palms and soles with traction, allow you to grasp and also not slip. Are unique to each person.
A
Epidermal ridges or whorls
25
The layer where the process of keratinization begins.
Stratum granulosum
26
______ cells are found in the stratum spinosum layer and help protect the body from infection. They identify the foreign material.
Langerhans
27
Immune cells that recognize the antigens displayed on the Langerhans cells to assist in destroying them.
T cells
28
Touch receptors or sensory cells that are only found in thick skin in the stratum germinatavium.
Merkle cells
29
Give skin it's color and are not found in thick skin.
Melanocytes
30
Melanocytes produce melanin which is packaged in intracellular vesicles called _________.
Melanosomes
31
The dermis is ____x thicker than the epidermis.
25
32
The layer of skin that is the main support system and is comprised of man connective tissues and is rich in capillaries and blood vessels.
Dermis
33
_______ cells in the dermis are responsible for the formation of fibers and aid in the production of collagen and elastin.
Fibroblast
34
A strong protein substance that when broken down forms bundles that strengthen and give structure to the skin. Makes up 70% of the dermis.
Collagen
35
Excessive amounts of collagen that. produce thick, raised scars.
Keloids and hypertrophic scars
36
A fibrous protein similar to collagen and is the basis of what forms elastic tissue. Give skin stretch and elasticity.
Elastin
37
_____ cells are located in the dermis and respond to allergies by releasing small granules called histamine a.
Mast
38
The layer of the dermis that lies directly beneath the epidermis. Houses sensory nerve endings and projections that nourish the skin.
Papillary dermis
39
The ________ are free nerve endings located in the dermis and cold receptors outnumber the heat by 3 to 4 times.
Thermoreceptors
40
_________ sense stretching, compression, or twisting of the skin.
Mechanorexeptors
41
The receptor in the dermal layer that senses light pressure and cold receptors.
Meissners corpuscles
42
The receptors in the dermis that sense long term pressure and heat receptors.
Ruffini's corpuscles
43
The receptors in the dermis that sense deep pressure and pain receptors.
Pacinian corpuscles
44
The receptors in the dermis that sense pressure and pain receptors.
Krauses end bulbs
45
The lowest layer of the dermis that contained collagen and elastin and provides strength and flexibility.
Reticular dermis
46
Produce sweat, a mixture of water, urea, electrolytes and lactic acid. Controlled by the nervous system.
Sudoriferous glands
47
Sweat glands located under the arms, in the genitals and the nipples that secrete an odorless substance when triggered by emotions.
Apocrine glands
48
Sweat glands located throughout the body and are most abundant on the forehead, palms, and soles.
Eccrine glands
49
Glands that release their secretions into the blood and are known as ductless glands.
Endocrine
50
Glands that release their secretions into ducts.
Exocrine glands
51
_______ glands are attached to the upper third of a hair follicle and are two to three times larger around facial hair.
Sebaceous
52
A male hormone present in both men and women.
Androgen
53
The layer located below the dermis and is composed of fatty tissue and acts as the body's cushioning.
Subcutaneous
54
The bottom layer of the epidermis that connects it to the dermis.
Hemidesmosomes
55
The removal of dead skin cells that stimulates new cell growth.
Exfoliation
56
The physical process of removing dead skin cells with an abrasive product.
Mechanical exfoliatikn
57
The process of using natural substances such as enzymes or acids in conjunction with other ingredients to remove dead skin cells
Chemical exfoliation
58
The process of absorption into the skin is known as ____________. Found in medical patches that release into the blood stream.
Transdermal penetration
59
The substance that binds, adds structural strength, and mediates biochemical interactions between cells.
Intracellular cement
60
A condition visible on the surface of the skin that includes small red bumps, urticaria, blisters, scales, and erythema.
Rashes
61
A change in the structure of the skin tissue.
Lesion
62
A discoloration on the skins surface. Flat areas that are usually rounded and distinct.
Macule
63
A solid formation above the skin often caused by insect bites or allergic reaction. Sharply defined or solid, raised pink swelling or welt.
Wheal
64
A small elevation of the skin usually inflammatory and doesn't contain pus. If they progress they can become pustules.
Papule
65
A small inflamed elevation, the next step in the progression from a papule filled with bacterial fluid and pus. Appear red and cloudy or white.
Pustule
66
A fluid filled elevation in the skin caused by localized accumulation of fluids and blood just below the epidermis. Also known as a blister.
Vesicles
67
Found above skin and contains a clear, watery fluid. Similar to a vesicle but larger.
Bulla
68
A solid mass within the skin. May be soft or hard, fixed or freely moving.
Nodule or tumor
69
An abnormal membranous sac containing a gaseous, liquid or semi solid substance.
Cyst
70
Changes in the structure of the skin during the early stages if change and development.
Primary lesions.
71
Lesions that appear as a condition or disease progresses and require treatment by a physician.
Secondary lesions
72
A dried mass that is the remains of an oozing sore. May contain blood, pus, sebum, epithelial tissue, and bacterial debris.
Crust
73
A mechanical abrasion of the epidermis. It appears bright to dark red because of dried blood and occurs when scratched.
Excoriation
74
The shedding of dead skin cells of the uppermost layer of the epidermis.
Scale
75
A formation resulting from a lesion which extends into the dermis or deeper and is part of the normal healing process.
Scar
76
A crack or line in the skin that may penetrate as deep as the dermis.
Fissure
77
An open lesion visible on the surface of the skin that may result in the loss of portions of the dermis.
Ulcer
78
A hereditary rash or an inflammation of the skin, characterized by dry, sensitive irritated skin.
Atopic dermatitis
79
A rash caused by either an allergic reaction from contact with substances such as dyes, detergents, plants etc. characterized by red itchy areas.
Contact dermatitis
80
A common skin rash with redness and scaly pinkish yellow patches that have an oily appearance. A form of eczema. Usually on the scalp but can appear elsewhere.
Seborrheic dermatitis
81
An inheritable disease that can be triggered by environmental factors is a person is genetically predispositioned. An excess of thick, scaly silver patches.
Psoriasis
82
Characterized by dry or moist lesions, an eruption of small vesicles and watery discharge. Inflammatory redness and itching. Leaves the skin in crusts.
Eczema
83
An allergic reaction that produce an eruption of wheals, also known as urticaria. Caused by the release of histamines in the body.
Hives
84
Caused by a pathogenic bacteria or virus entering the body or skin and multiplying to the point of interference.
Infections
85
A highly contagious viral infection that lies dormant between out breaks. Causes eruptive, blister like clusters.
Herpes simplex
86
Causes cold sores and is transmitted from secretions around the mouth.
Herpes simplex 1
87
The cause of genital herpes and is transmitted by direct contact with sores.
Herpes simplex 2
88
Caused by the varicella zoster virus that causes chicken pox.
Herpes zoster
89
A highly contagious bacterial infection caused by the staphylococcus aureus. Produces a honey yellow crusted lesion.
Impetigo
90
The medical term for ringworm. A contagious fungal disease.
Tinea
91
A fungal infection affecting the trunk, legs or arms characterized by a pink to red rash and itching.
Tinea corporis
92
Commonly known as tricolor yeast infection. Non contagious and produces hyper pigmented areas that will not tan.
Tines versicolor
93
Viral infections on the top layer of the skin that are caused by HPV. The most common tumor.
Warts or verruca
94
A common skin infection caused by yeast. Causes red, well demarcated patches with a white film around them that thrive in moist areas.
Candida albicans
95
An acute and very contagious form of conjunctivitis that causes an inflammation of the membrane that lines the eyelid
Pink eye
96
A dry, scaly skin caused by reduced sebum production. This occurs as tissue ages.
Asteatosis
97
A condition caused by excess secretion of the sebaceous glands. Commonly associated with oily skin types.
Seborrhea
98
A harmless sebaceous cyst filled with sebum which is considered a tumor of the sebaceous glands. Also called wens.
Steatoma
99
A painful infection of a hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue that appears as a firm module with a central hard pus filled core.
Furuncle or boil.
100
A group of boils. Very painful, acute bacterial infection characterized by inflammation that involves several hair follicles.
Carbuncle
101
A chronic inflammatory condition of the face in which small capillaries of the face become dilated and inflamed.
Rosacea
102
The dilated capillaries at the surface of the skin. Cause a persistent red, flushed look.
Telangiectasia
103
A more severe form of Rosacea which causes the tissue of the nose to swell and enlarge.
Rhinophyma
104
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands. Occurs when hair follicles become plugged with sebum and becomes inflamed.
Acne
105
What are two major causes of acne?
Hormonal changes and genetics
| Also stress, medication, environment, steroids, pregnancy, puberty etc
106
Acne is always causes by excess ________.
Androgen
107
The degree if pore clogging directly related to the accumulation of the keratinized skin cells that adhere to the follicle.
Retention hyperkeratosis
108
An open follicle with a black surface plug which has been oxidized and discolored due to the sebum contacting air.
Blackhead or open comedo
109
A plugged sebaceous gland with an opening that isn't widely dilated, they begin to bulge in structure. Sebum produced can't escape. Are generally soft and easy to extract.
Whitehead or closed comedo
110
Mild acne consisting of open and closed comedones scattered over less than half of the areas of the face or back.
Grade 1 Acne
111
Moderate acne that has an increased number of open and closed comedones as well as an occasional pustule or papule.
Grade 2 Acne
112
Moderately sever acne that is characterized by numerous open and closed comedones, papules, pustules and occasional cysts. Red and inflamed, may have scarring.
Grade 3 Acne. DO NOT TREAT
113
Severe acne consisting of numerous papules and pustules as well as a large number of cysts on the face, back, and chest. Have deep scarring. Acne is on over 50% of the face.
Grade 4 Acne. DO NOT TREAT
114
Pearly white enclosed cysts that are hard to the touch and difficult to remove. Referred to as baby acne.
Milia
115
What are some main acne myths?
Acne is caused by poor diet like chocolate.
| You just have to let acne run its course.
116
Inflammatory hard lesions found deeper in the skin at the point where there hair follicle becomes plugged with dead skin cells.
Nodular cystic acne
117
An ingredient used to dry and exfoliate acne. It releases oxygen which helps in killing the bacteria.
Benzoyl peroxide
118
Medications prescribed by a physician to dry the skin and kill the bacteria that cause acne.
Topical antibiotics
119
Medication for acne that contains Tretinoin, a powerful derivative of vitamin a that dries the skin and promotes rapid exfoliation.
Retin-A
120
An acid that promotes drying and cell turnover. Usually used to treat acne.
Azaleic acid
121
A beta hydroxy acid that mildly dries and promotes cell turnover by producing mild keratolytic action.
Salicylic acid.
122
An alpha hydroxy acid that breaks the bonds that connect skin cells together allowing for cell turnover and exfoliation. Unclog pores.
Glycolic acids
123
A controversial medication sometimes prescribed for grade 3 and 4 acne that inhibits the function of the sebaceous glands.
Accutane
124
A sudoriferous gland disorder that is a foul smelling perspiration caused by the yeast and bacteria that break down the sweat on the surface of the skin.
Bromidrosis or osmidrosis
125
A sudoriferous gland disorder where there is a lack of perspiration caused by the failure of the sweat glands.
Anihidrosis
126
A sudoriferous gland disorder that is an over production of perspiration caused by excessive heat or general body weakness.
Hyperhidrosis
127
A sudoriferous gland disorder that is an acute burning, itching rash, caused by excessive heat. An inflammatory disorder that causes prickly heat.
Milaria Rubra
128
Skin growth that has a regular shape, is skin colored or brown and is flat and raised and symmetrical. They are harmless and non cancerous.
Benign growths or moles
129
Small elevated skin growths that can easily be removed.
Skin tags
130
Skin growths that are either flat or raises and are irregular in shape and border. The color is irregular and is more than 6 mm in size.
Premalignant growths
131
Irregularly shaped scaly red-pink skin growths that feel rough to the touch and occur on sun exposed areas. May develop into malignant lesions.
Actinic keratosis
132
Skin growths that are cancerous.
Malignant growths
133
Common malignant lesions that tend to appear translucent, have irregular borders and tiny blood vessels running in them.
Basal cell carcinomas
134
An irregular crusted red papule that occurs in sun exposed areas and may be actinic keratosis that went untreated. Dangerous since they invade lymph nodes.
Squamous cell carcinoma
135
The most dangerous skin growth that evolve from flat or raised pigmented lesions anywhere on the body. Will become malignant.
Melanoma
136
What are the guidelines for checking a mole?
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
137
A group of inherited conditions that result in the failure of the skin to produce melanin. Pale skin, white blonde hair and blue eyes. Hypersensitive to light.
Albinism
138
A congenital disorder that occurs when the skin lacks pigmentation due to a decrease in melanocyte activity. Causes partial or total loss of skin pigmentation in patches.
Leukoderma
139
An acquired skin disease characterized by white patches that are caused by a loss of pigment in a number of melanin cells. Appear in irregular shapes. Surrounded by a heavily pigmented border.
Vitiligo
140
A birthmark or congenital mole.
Nevus
141
A freckle, small yellowish or brownish spot on the skin.
Lentigo
142
A disorder that results from trauma to tissues from acne, burns, injury or some skin rashes that creates flat darkened patches that are irregular in shape and appear anywhere.
Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation
143
A common disorder pregnant women have that results in increased pigmentation causing light to dark patches to occur on the face. The pregnancy mask.
Chloasma or melasma
144
An inflammation that causes severe itching usually on undamaged skin.
Pruritus
145
The skins natural aging process that is composed of genetics.
Intrinsic aging
146
Skin deterioration caused by external factors that are within an individuals control. Number one factor is sun exposure.
Extrinsic aging
147
A universally accepted system for classifying skin types according to their tolerance and reaction to ultraviolet radiation.
Fitzpatrick photo type scale
148
Type __ alway burns and never tans. Has very fair skin generally with blonde or red hair.
1
149
Type __ almost always burns and tans minimally. Very common skin type, fair skinned individuals.
2
150
Type __ sometimes burns and usually tans. Could be of Mediterranean descent, white skin with medium pigment.
3
151
Type __ tans easily and very rarely burns. Skin color tends to be a moderate brown shade.
4
152
Type __ almost always tans and seldom burns. This client is generally Asian, Indian, Latin, Hispanic, or African.
5
153
Type __ never burns and tans very dark. The clients skin is black in color.
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