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Esthetics > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific study of matter, the physical and chemical changes affecting matter and the energy changes that accompany these processes.

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

Scientists that study matter and its properties and changes.

A

Chemist

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3
Q

The study of chemical reactions that occur within a loving organism.

A

Biochemistry.

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4
Q

Deals with all matter that is now living or was alive at one time. Study of matter containing carbon.

A

Organic chemistry.

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5
Q

Deals with matter that was never living and doesn’t contain carbon.

A

Inorganic chemistry

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6
Q

Anything that occupies space.

A

Matter

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7
Q

Matter with definite weight, volume, and shape.

A

Solids

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8
Q

Matter with definite weight and volume, but no shape.

A

Liquids

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9
Q

Matter with definite weight, but indefinite volume and shape.

A

Gases

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10
Q

A change in the physical form of a substance without creating a new substance possessing a distinct material composition.

A

Physical change

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11
Q

A change in a substance that creates a new substance with different material characteristics from those of the original substance.

A

Chemical change

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12
Q

The process of changing a solid or gas changing states without becoming a liquid.

A

Sublimation

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13
Q

The ability to do work to accomplish some change.

A

Energy

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14
Q

Basic units of matter that can’t be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reactions.

A

Elements

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15
Q

There are ___ naturally occurring elements.

A

92

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16
Q

The unifying concept used to organize elements and their similarities.

A

Periodic law

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17
Q

The letters seen in the periodic table.

A

Chemical symbols

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18
Q

The number shown in the periodic table with each element.

A

Atomic number

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19
Q

The five most common elements for estheticians.

A

Carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen and sulfur.

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20
Q

The most abundant element in the earths crust and the second must abundant in the atmosphere.

A

Oxygen

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21
Q

The smallest complete unit of an element.

A

Atoms

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22
Q

Atoms are made of what three particles?

A

Protons neutrons and electrons

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23
Q

Have a positive chemical change and identify the atom.

A

Protona

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24
Q

Have no electrical charge.

A

Neutrons

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25
Q

Neutrons and protons together determine the _______ of each element.

A

Molecular weight

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26
Q

Have a negative electric charge.

A

Electrons

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27
Q

Atoms that aren’t missing and electrons in their outer shell are ___.

A

Stable

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28
Q

The name for any electron in the outermost orbit that is easily moved from its orbit.

A

Free electron

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29
Q

When unstable atoms combine chemically by sharing electrons they form a ______.

A

Molecule

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30
Q

The smallest particle of a compound that has all the chemical properties of that compound.

A

Molecule

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31
Q

When the atoms that combine are different the resulting molecule is a ____.

A

Compound

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32
Q

_____ are created by chemically uniting two different elements. Have their own unique characteristics.

A

Compounds

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33
Q

There are more than ___ million chemical compounds.

A

400

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34
Q

Occurs when a substance loses an electron and oxygen is acquired.

A

Oxidation

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35
Q

Occurs when’s substance gains an electron and oxygen is released.

A

Reduction

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36
Q

The charged atoms involved in the chemical reactions.

A

Ions

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37
Q

When positive and negative ions join they are held together by a _____ bond.

A

Ionic

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38
Q

If no trading occurs and the atoms are sharing electrons they are held together by _____ bonds.

A

Covalent

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39
Q

Forces that hold atoms together in compounds.

A

Chemical bonds

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40
Q

The basic materials the body uses to construct and renew itself. Skin, hair and muscles are made of it, also hormones and enzymes.

A

Proteins

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41
Q

Materials that dissolve and break down large molecules into smaller ones.

A

Enzymes

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42
Q

Compounds consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, that join together in chains to form proteins. There are 22.

A

Amino acids

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43
Q

A bond uniting two amino acid groups.

A

Peptide bond

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44
Q

Thousands of amino acids connected lengthwise to form a chain.

A

Polypeptide chain

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45
Q

Basic building block molecules.

A

Monomers

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46
Q

Groups of monomers that bond together.

A

Polymers

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47
Q

Example of monomers and polymers found in the body which are used by the body to store energy and play a key role in metabolism.

A

Carbohydrates

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48
Q

A simple unit of a carbohydrate.

A

Saccharides

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49
Q

The three major biochemical compound groups in the body.

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids.

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50
Q

A single saccharide is called

A

Monosaccharide

51
Q

Two saccharides linked together

A

Disaccharide

52
Q

Many saccharides linked together

A

Polysaccharides

53
Q

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are not formed by the linkage of basic molecule units like proteins and polysaccharides.

A

Lipids

54
Q

The unit of measurement that indicates whether a substance is acidic, neutral, or alkaline.

A

pH or potential hydrogen

55
Q

A solution is ____ if it has more positive hydrogen ions than negatively charged hydroxide ions.

A

Acidic

56
Q

A solution is ____ if it has an equal number of positive hydrogen and negative hydroxide ions.

A

Neutral

57
Q

A solution is ____ if it has more negative hydroxide ions than positively charged hydrogen ions.

A

Alkaline

58
Q

The pH scale ranges from _ to __.

A

0-14

59
Q

The point of neutrality in the pH scale.

A

7

60
Q

The pH scale is logarithmic which means each number increases by a multiple of ___.

A

10

61
Q

What is the pH of skin?

A

4.5 to 5.5

62
Q

The mixture of sebum and sweat combines with lipids, minerals, and moisture to form a protective barrier for the skin.

A

Acid mantle

63
Q

Pure distiller water has a pH of __

A

7

64
Q

The higher the pH the more ____ and the lower the pH the more ___.

A

Basic acidic

65
Q

____ water may contain salts such as calcium and magnesium.

A

Hard

66
Q

___ water contains very few minerals.

A

Soft

67
Q

Formed when two or more compounds are blended together physically rather than chemically.

A

Mixture

68
Q

A mixture of two or more chemical compounds in which each component is evenly distributed into the mixture to form a complete homogeneous dispersion.

A

Solition

69
Q

The liquid part of a solution.

A

Solvent

70
Q

The dissolved part of a solution

A

Solute

71
Q

The point at which no more solute will evenly dissolve in the solvent.

A

Saturation point

72
Q

Solvents that mix together easily.

A

Miscible

73
Q

Solvents that don’t mix together easily.

A

Immiscible

74
Q

The even dispersion of a solid substance in a liquid base.

A

Suspension

75
Q

A product that has been formulated with a thickening agent to increase its viscosity.

A

Gel

76
Q

A finely ground solid mixed evenly with additional ingredients which sometimes include oils.

A

Powder

77
Q

An anhydrous substance based on a mixture of oils and waxes having a paste like texture.

A

Ointment

78
Q

A hard, low level water product applied to the skin by running the product directly on the desired area.

A

Stick

79
Q

A product packaged under pressure and blended with a propellant inside a container which is usual ally a can.

A

Aerosol

80
Q

A mixture of two or more non mix able substances such as oil and water united by small droplets of a binder or gun like substance.

A

Emulsion

81
Q

When oil is equally dispersed throughout a water base.

A

Oil in water

82
Q

Where small water droplets are evenly dispersed in an oil based solution.

A

Water in oil

83
Q

Binding substances used to slow down the destruction of the product. Has a polar and non polar end to bind water and oil.

A

Emulsifiers

84
Q

The most common product types on the market, an emulsion used to impart emolliency and moisturizes room to the skin.

A

Cremes and lotions

85
Q

The ingredients responsible for producing the desired effects.

A

Active ingredients

86
Q

The ingredient names in the INCI are based on the international cosmetic dictionary which is officially accepted in the US by the ____________.

A

FDA

87
Q

What is the first ingredient listed on most cosmetic product labels?

A

Oil generally 50-100%

88
Q

Organic ingredients that bind water and deposit it onto the skin, they deliver moisture and are usually range in concentration from 10-1%.

A

Humectants

89
Q

Oils and oil soluble substances used to condition and soften the skin by providing a protective coating called an occlusive barrier. Concentrations range from 2-10%.

A

Emollients

90
Q

Come from both plant and animal sources , used to keep products firm yet soft and easy to apply to the skin.

A

Fatty acids

91
Q

Fatty acids that have been exposed to hydrogen, increase the thickness of cosmetic products and provide moisturizing properties.

A

Fatty alcohols

92
Q

A large category of ingredients with surface activity that have the ability to bind organic and inorganic matter to water. Concentrations range from 20-2%

A

Surfactants

93
Q

Ingredients that help increase density in emulsions and gel type products, also allows for the small particle solids in a base. Concentrations range from .1 to 1%

A

Thickeners and viscosity modifiers

94
Q

The general classification for a wide variety of natural or naturally derived ingredients extracted from plants. Listed in Latin names and concentrations range from 1-.5%

A

Botanicals

95
Q

Maintain the microbiologist integrity or product quality during manufacturing, storage, and use by the consumer. Concentrations range from .5-.1%.

A

Preservatives

96
Q

Ingredients added to a product to enhance the effectiveness of the preservative.

A

Chelating agents

97
Q

Vegetable, mineral, or pigment dyes that are added to products to enhance the products appearance.

A

Coloring agents

98
Q

The ingredients that are usually not listed individually on the ingredients label.

A

Fragrance

99
Q

Means the product is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction.

A

Hypoallergenic

100
Q

Ingredients that destroy bacteria that can cause problems such as acne or other infections.

A

Antibacterial

101
Q

Acids or bases used to adjust the product pH level to a desired level.

A

PH adjusters

102
Q

Ingredients that are likely to block or close the pores and contribute to pimples.

A

Comedogenic

103
Q

Products that are less likely to clog pores.

A

Non comedogenic

104
Q

Active ingredients that are considered drug products under the FDA and block or absorb UV radiation.

A

Sunscrewna

105
Q

Work as physical blockers that reflect UV rays and prevent them from striking the skins surface.

A

UV blockers

106
Q

Chemically absorb the UV radiation striking the skin and break it up.

A

UV absorbers

107
Q

Ingredients used in certain treatment products to prevent skin inflammation and damage due to free radicals.

A

Antioxidants

108
Q

Claimed to help aging cells increase energy production and provide benefits and help repair damaged cells.

A

Alpha lipoic acid

109
Q

A powerful antioxidant that occurs naturally in human cells, aids in the production of cellular energy.

A

Co enzyme Q-10

110
Q

Ingredients derived from a silicone base and are free of contaminates and environmentally friendly. They keep water inside.

A

Silicones

111
Q

A non comedogenic emollient that gives products a silky feel.

A

Cyclomethicone

112
Q

Gives products lubricity or slip.

A

Dimethicone

113
Q

Makes products feel soft, especially sunscreens.

A

Dimethicone copolyol

114
Q

Organic acids extracted from a variety of natural sources like fruits, sugar, and milk that are added to skin care products to speed up natural exfoliation.

A

Hydroxy acids

115
Q

When the carboxyl group is located on the first carbon atom of the organic acid chain. Name 2 examples.

A

Alpha hydroxy acid

Glycolic and lactic acids

116
Q

If the carboxyl group is located on the second carbon atom of the chain. 1 example.

A

Beta hydroxy acid

Salicylic acid

117
Q

Molecules that contain several carboxyl groups in the same chain. 1 example.

A

Poly hydroxy acids

Malic acid

118
Q

Ingredients that are designed to dissolve keratin proteins on the surface of the skin, resulting in exfoliation and smoother skin.

A

Enzymes

119
Q

An essential growth factor that prevents premature aging and is believed to partially reverse clinical signs of photo damaged facial skin.

A

Kinetin

120
Q

Deliver a variety of benefits to the skin and are antioxidants.

A

Vitamins

121
Q

Ingredients used to bleach or lighten areas of hyper pigmentation.

A

Lighteners

122
Q

In the US the regulation of cosmetic products is governed by :

A

Federal food drug and cosmetic act FFDCA
Fair packaging and labeling act
FPLA

123
Q

Articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on or introduced into or otherwise applied to the human body.

A

Cosmetics

124
Q

Products intended to treat symptoms or cure medical conditions including altering the function and or structure of parts of the human body.

A

Druga

Esthetics (15 decks)

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