Chemistry Flashcards
The scientific study of matter, the physical and chemical changes affecting matter and the energy changes that accompany these processes.
Chemistry
Scientists that study matter and its properties and changes.
Chemist
The study of chemical reactions that occur within a loving organism.
Biochemistry.
Deals with all matter that is now living or was alive at one time. Study of matter containing carbon.
Organic chemistry.
Deals with matter that was never living and doesn’t contain carbon.
Inorganic chemistry
Anything that occupies space.
Matter
Matter with definite weight, volume, and shape.
Solids
Matter with definite weight and volume, but no shape.
Liquids
Matter with definite weight, but indefinite volume and shape.
Gases
A change in the physical form of a substance without creating a new substance possessing a distinct material composition.
Physical change
A change in a substance that creates a new substance with different material characteristics from those of the original substance.
Chemical change
The process of changing a solid or gas changing states without becoming a liquid.
Sublimation
The ability to do work to accomplish some change.
Energy
Basic units of matter that can’t be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reactions.
Elements
There are ___ naturally occurring elements.
92
The unifying concept used to organize elements and their similarities.
Periodic law
The letters seen in the periodic table.
Chemical symbols
The number shown in the periodic table with each element.
Atomic number
The five most common elements for estheticians.
Carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen and sulfur.
The most abundant element in the earths crust and the second must abundant in the atmosphere.
Oxygen
The smallest complete unit of an element.
Atoms
Atoms are made of what three particles?
Protons neutrons and electrons
Have a positive chemical change and identify the atom.
Protona
Have no electrical charge.
Neutrons
Neutrons and protons together determine the _______ of each element.
Molecular weight
Have a negative electric charge.
Electrons
Atoms that aren’t missing and electrons in their outer shell are ___.
Stable
The name for any electron in the outermost orbit that is easily moved from its orbit.
Free electron
When unstable atoms combine chemically by sharing electrons they form a ______.
Molecule
The smallest particle of a compound that has all the chemical properties of that compound.
Molecule
When the atoms that combine are different the resulting molecule is a ____.
Compound
_____ are created by chemically uniting two different elements. Have their own unique characteristics.
Compounds
There are more than ___ million chemical compounds.
400
Occurs when a substance loses an electron and oxygen is acquired.
Oxidation
Occurs when’s substance gains an electron and oxygen is released.
Reduction
The charged atoms involved in the chemical reactions.
Ions
When positive and negative ions join they are held together by a _____ bond.
Ionic
If no trading occurs and the atoms are sharing electrons they are held together by _____ bonds.
Covalent
Forces that hold atoms together in compounds.
Chemical bonds
The basic materials the body uses to construct and renew itself. Skin, hair and muscles are made of it, also hormones and enzymes.
Proteins
Materials that dissolve and break down large molecules into smaller ones.
Enzymes
Compounds consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, that join together in chains to form proteins. There are 22.
Amino acids
A bond uniting two amino acid groups.
Peptide bond
Thousands of amino acids connected lengthwise to form a chain.
Polypeptide chain
Basic building block molecules.
Monomers
Groups of monomers that bond together.
Polymers
Example of monomers and polymers found in the body which are used by the body to store energy and play a key role in metabolism.
Carbohydrates
A simple unit of a carbohydrate.
Saccharides
The three major biochemical compound groups in the body.
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids.
A single saccharide is called
Monosaccharide
Two saccharides linked together
Disaccharide
Many saccharides linked together
Polysaccharides
Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are not formed by the linkage of basic molecule units like proteins and polysaccharides.
Lipids
The unit of measurement that indicates whether a substance is acidic, neutral, or alkaline.
pH or potential hydrogen
A solution is ____ if it has more positive hydrogen ions than negatively charged hydroxide ions.
Acidic
A solution is ____ if it has an equal number of positive hydrogen and negative hydroxide ions.
Neutral
A solution is ____ if it has more negative hydroxide ions than positively charged hydrogen ions.
Alkaline
The pH scale ranges from _ to __.
0-14
The point of neutrality in the pH scale.
7
The pH scale is logarithmic which means each number increases by a multiple of ___.
10
What is the pH of skin?
4.5 to 5.5
The mixture of sebum and sweat combines with lipids, minerals, and moisture to form a protective barrier for the skin.
Acid mantle
Pure distiller water has a pH of __
7
The higher the pH the more ____ and the lower the pH the more ___.
Basic acidic
____ water may contain salts such as calcium and magnesium.
Hard
___ water contains very few minerals.
Soft
Formed when two or more compounds are blended together physically rather than chemically.
Mixture
A mixture of two or more chemical compounds in which each component is evenly distributed into the mixture to form a complete homogeneous dispersion.
Solition
The liquid part of a solution.
Solvent
The dissolved part of a solution
Solute
The point at which no more solute will evenly dissolve in the solvent.
Saturation point
Solvents that mix together easily.
Miscible
Solvents that don’t mix together easily.
Immiscible
The even dispersion of a solid substance in a liquid base.
Suspension
A product that has been formulated with a thickening agent to increase its viscosity.
Gel
A finely ground solid mixed evenly with additional ingredients which sometimes include oils.
Powder
An anhydrous substance based on a mixture of oils and waxes having a paste like texture.
Ointment
A hard, low level water product applied to the skin by running the product directly on the desired area.
Stick
A product packaged under pressure and blended with a propellant inside a container which is usual ally a can.
Aerosol
A mixture of two or more non mix able substances such as oil and water united by small droplets of a binder or gun like substance.
Emulsion
When oil is equally dispersed throughout a water base.
Oil in water
Where small water droplets are evenly dispersed in an oil based solution.
Water in oil
Binding substances used to slow down the destruction of the product. Has a polar and non polar end to bind water and oil.
Emulsifiers
The most common product types on the market, an emulsion used to impart emolliency and moisturizes room to the skin.
Cremes and lotions
The ingredients responsible for producing the desired effects.
Active ingredients
The ingredient names in the INCI are based on the international cosmetic dictionary which is officially accepted in the US by the ____________.
FDA
What is the first ingredient listed on most cosmetic product labels?
Oil generally 50-100%
Organic ingredients that bind water and deposit it onto the skin, they deliver moisture and are usually range in concentration from 10-1%.
Humectants
Oils and oil soluble substances used to condition and soften the skin by providing a protective coating called an occlusive barrier. Concentrations range from 2-10%.
Emollients
Come from both plant and animal sources , used to keep products firm yet soft and easy to apply to the skin.
Fatty acids
Fatty acids that have been exposed to hydrogen, increase the thickness of cosmetic products and provide moisturizing properties.
Fatty alcohols
A large category of ingredients with surface activity that have the ability to bind organic and inorganic matter to water. Concentrations range from 20-2%
Surfactants
Ingredients that help increase density in emulsions and gel type products, also allows for the small particle solids in a base. Concentrations range from .1 to 1%
Thickeners and viscosity modifiers
The general classification for a wide variety of natural or naturally derived ingredients extracted from plants. Listed in Latin names and concentrations range from 1-.5%
Botanicals
Maintain the microbiologist integrity or product quality during manufacturing, storage, and use by the consumer. Concentrations range from .5-.1%.
Preservatives
Ingredients added to a product to enhance the effectiveness of the preservative.
Chelating agents
Vegetable, mineral, or pigment dyes that are added to products to enhance the products appearance.
Coloring agents
The ingredients that are usually not listed individually on the ingredients label.
Fragrance
Means the product is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction.
Hypoallergenic
Ingredients that destroy bacteria that can cause problems such as acne or other infections.
Antibacterial
Acids or bases used to adjust the product pH level to a desired level.
PH adjusters
Ingredients that are likely to block or close the pores and contribute to pimples.
Comedogenic
Products that are less likely to clog pores.
Non comedogenic
Active ingredients that are considered drug products under the FDA and block or absorb UV radiation.
Sunscrewna
Work as physical blockers that reflect UV rays and prevent them from striking the skins surface.
UV blockers
Chemically absorb the UV radiation striking the skin and break it up.
UV absorbers
Ingredients used in certain treatment products to prevent skin inflammation and damage due to free radicals.
Antioxidants
Claimed to help aging cells increase energy production and provide benefits and help repair damaged cells.
Alpha lipoic acid
A powerful antioxidant that occurs naturally in human cells, aids in the production of cellular energy.
Co enzyme Q-10
Ingredients derived from a silicone base and are free of contaminates and environmentally friendly. They keep water inside.
Silicones
A non comedogenic emollient that gives products a silky feel.
Cyclomethicone
Gives products lubricity or slip.
Dimethicone
Makes products feel soft, especially sunscreens.
Dimethicone copolyol
Organic acids extracted from a variety of natural sources like fruits, sugar, and milk that are added to skin care products to speed up natural exfoliation.
Hydroxy acids
When the carboxyl group is located on the first carbon atom of the organic acid chain. Name 2 examples.
Alpha hydroxy acid
Glycolic and lactic acids
If the carboxyl group is located on the second carbon atom of the chain. 1 example.
Beta hydroxy acid
Salicylic acid
Molecules that contain several carboxyl groups in the same chain. 1 example.
Poly hydroxy acids
Malic acid
Ingredients that are designed to dissolve keratin proteins on the surface of the skin, resulting in exfoliation and smoother skin.
Enzymes
An essential growth factor that prevents premature aging and is believed to partially reverse clinical signs of photo damaged facial skin.
Kinetin
Deliver a variety of benefits to the skin and are antioxidants.
Vitamins
Ingredients used to bleach or lighten areas of hyper pigmentation.
Lighteners
In the US the regulation of cosmetic products is governed by :
Federal food drug and cosmetic act FFDCA
Fair packaging and labeling act
FPLA
Articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on or introduced into or otherwise applied to the human body.
Cosmetics
Products intended to treat symptoms or cure medical conditions including altering the function and or structure of parts of the human body.
Druga
