Anatomy Flashcards
The study of the organs and systems of the body?
Anatomy
The study of the functions of these organs and systems.
Physiology
The study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye.
Gross anatomy
The study of structures too small to be seen except through a microscope.
Histology
What are the 4 building blocks of the human body?
Cells, tissues, organs, and body systems.
The control center of the cell that controls reproduction, growth, and metabolism.
Nucleus
The production department of the cell.
Cytoplasm
The outer surface and enclosing structure of the cell.
Cell membrane
The basic units of life.
Cells
A colorless, gel like substance that contains water, salt, and nutrients obtained from food.
Protoplasm
What part of the cell is vitally important for reproduction?
Nucleus
Small structures that perform most of the cells activities. They also store food for growth, repair and restore the cell.
Organelles
Human cells reproduce by what process?
Mitosis. Dividing in half.
The chemical process by which cells receive nutrients for cell growth and reproduction.
Metabolism
What is the main source for energy for the body?
Carbohydrates
The process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. This phase stores water, food, and oxygen.
Anabolism
The process of breaking down larger molecules or substances into smaller ones. This releases energy within the cell.
Catabolism
Groups of cells of the same kind make up _____.
Tissues
The tissue that covers and protects the body surfaces and internal organs.
Epithelial
The tissue that supports, protects, and holds the body together.
Connective.
The tissue that carries messages to and from the brain and coordinates body functions.
Nerve
The tissue that contracts when stimulated to produce motion.
Muscular
The tissue that carries food, waste products and hormones.
Liquid
Separate body structures that perform specific functions.
Organs
What are the 8 primary organs?
Brain, eyes, heart, lungs, stomach/intestines, liver, kidneys, and skin.
What organ eliminates water and waste products?
Kidneys
What organ removes the toxic by products of digestion?
Liver
What is the body’s largest organ?
Skin
A group of body organs that perform one or more vital functions for the body.
Body systems
What are the 10 body systems?
Skeletal, muscular, circulatory, nervous, digestive, excretory, respiratory, endocrine, reproductive, and integumentary.
What is the physical foundation of the body?
Skeletal system
How many bones make up the skeletal system?
206
The study of bones.
Osteology
Flat bones are ____ shaped.
Plate
Where are long bones found?
Arms and legs
Bone is the _____ structure and is made up of ____ mineral matter and ___ organic matter.
Hardest 2/3 1/3
What are some functions of the skeletal system?
Support the body, give it shape, protect organs, provide frame for muscle attachment, allow body movement, produce red and white blood cells, and store calcium.
The facial skeleton that encloses and protects the brain and primary sensory organs is called the _____.
Skull
How many bones make up the cranium?
8
How many bones make up the facial skeleton?
14
The bone that extends from the top of the eyes to the top of the head and forms the forehead.
Frontal
The bones that form the crown and upper sides of the head.
Parietal
The bone that forms the back of the skull and indents above the nape area.
Occipital
The bones that are located on either side of the head, directly above the ears and below the parietal bones.
Temporal
The ____ is located behind the eyes and nose and connects all the bones of the cranium.
Sphenoid
The ____ is the spongy bone between the eyes that forms part of the nasal cavity.
Ethmoid
How many bones of the facial skeleton are affected by facial massage?
9
The ____ is the lower jaw and the largest bone of the facial skeleton.
Mandible
The ____ are the two bones of the upper jaw.
Maxillae
The _____ are the two bones that form the upper cheek and the bottom of the eye socket.
Zygomatic or malar
The _____ are the smallest two bones of the facial skeleton and form the front part of the inner, bottom wall of the eye socket.
Lacrimal
The ____ are the two bones that join to form the bridge of the nose.
Nasal
The seven bones that form the top part of the spinal column.
Cervical vertebrae
The u shaped bone referred to as the Adam’s apple located in the throat. The only bone in the body not connected to another.
Hyoid
The bony cage that is made up of the spine or thoracic vertebrae, the sternum and the 12 ribs.
Thorax
How many bones make up the thorax?
33
The bone that runs across the chest between the shoulders.
Clavicle or collarbone
The upper chest area is known as the ____.
Décolleté
The two large flat bones extending from the middle of the back upward to the joint where they attach to the clavicle.
Scapula or shoulder blade
The largest bone of the upper arm that extend from the elbow to the shoulder.
Humerus
The smaller bone on the thumb side of the lower arm or forearm.
Radius
The bone located on the little finger side of the lower arm.
Ulna
The 8 small bones held together by ligaments to form the wrist or carpus.
Carpals
The five long thin bones that form the palm of the hand.
Metacarpals
The 14 bones that form the digits or fingers. Each finger has 3 phalanges while the thumb only has 2.
Phalanges
The study of the structure, function, and disease of the muscles.
Myology
How many muscles are there in the human body?
Over 500
How much of the body’s weight is muscle?
40%
Fibrous tissues that contract or relax when stimulated by messages carried by the nervous system to produce movement.
Muscles
What are the 4 functions of muscles?
Movement, attachment, protection, and shape
Muscles that respond to conscious commands.
Voluntary or striated
Muscles that respond automatically to control various body functions.
Involuntary or non striated
Muscle of the heart itself and the only muscle of its type.
Cardiac
The nonmoving fixed portion of a muscle attached to bones or other fixed muscle.
Origin
The midsection of the muscle between two attached sections.
Belly
The portion of the muscle joined to movable attachments.
Insertion
Bands of fibrous tissue that attach the muscles to the bones.
Tendons
Dense, strong bands of fibrous tissue that connect the bones to each other.
Ligaments
What are some ways to stimulate muscle tissue and nerves?
Massage, electricity, light rays, heat rays, moist heat, nerve impulses and chemicals
When massaging a muscle work from the _____ towards the ______.
Insertion to the origin
The scalp is covered by a broad muscle called the _______.
Epicranius or occipito frontalis
The epicranius is formed by two muscles joined by the ________ tendon.
Aponeurosis
The muscle that extends from the forehead to the top of the skull. It raises the eyebrows and draws the scalp forward.
Frontalis
The muscle that is located at the nape of the neck and draws the scalp back.
Occipitalis
How many muscles make up the ear?
3
What muscle is located in front of the ear?
Auricularis anterior
What muscle is located above the ear?
Auricularis superior
What muscle is located behind the ear?
Auricularis posterior
What muscle is located under the eyebrows and controls the eyebrows drawing them in and downward.
Corrugator
What muscle is located above the eyelids and opens the eyelids?
Levator palpebrae superioris
What muscle circles the eye socket and closes the eyelid?
Orbicularis oculi
What muscle is located between the eyebrows across the bridge of the nose and draws the brows down and wrinkles the area across the bridge if the nose?
Procerus
How many muscles control expansion and contraction of the nostrils?
4
What muscle circles the mouth and contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips as in whistling?
Orbis orbicularis
What muscle consists of three parts and is located above the upper lip and raises both the nostrils and the upper lip, as in expressing distaste?
Quadratus labii superioris
What muscle is located below the lower lip and pulls the lower lip down or to the side as in expressing sarcasm?
Quadratus labii inferioris
What muscle is located at the tip of the chin and pushes the lower lip up and or wrinkles the chin as in expressing doubt?
Mentalis
What muscle is located at the corner of the mouth and draws the mouth up and out as in grinning?
Risorius
What muscle is located above the corners of the mouth and raises the angle of the mouth as in snarling?
Caninus
What muscle is located below the corners of the mouth and draws the corners of the mouth down as in expressing sadness?
Triangularis
What muscle is located outside the corners of the mouth and draws the mouth up and back as in laughing or smiling and consists of a major and minor?
Zygomaticus
What muscle is located between the jaws and cheek and compresses the cheek to release air outward, as in blowing?
Buccinator
What muscles control the opening and closing of the jaws?
Mastication
What muscle is located above and in front of the ear and opens and closes the jaw?
Temporalis
What muscle covers the hinge of the jaw and aids in closing the jaw?
Masseter
What muscle extends from the tip of the chin to the shoulders and chest and depresses the lower jaw and lip as in expressing sadness?
Platysma
What muscle extends along the side of the neck from the ear to the collarbone and moves the head from side to side and up and down as in nodding?
Sternoeido mastoideus
What muscles cover the back of the neck and upper back? These muscles draw the head back and control the shoulder blades and swinging motions of the arms?
Trapezius and latissimus dorsi
What muscle (major and minor) extend across the front of the arms and chest? These muscles assist in swinging the arms.
Pectoralis
What muscle is located under the arm and helps in lifting the arm and moves during breathing?
Serratus anterior
What muscle covers the shoulder and is triangularly shaped and lifts and turns the arm?
Deltoid
What muscle is the primary muscle in the front of the upper arm that raises the forearm, bends the elbow, and turns the palm down?
Bicep
What muscle extends the length if the upper arm posteriorly and control forward movement of the arm?
Tricep
What muscle runs parallel to the ulna and turns the palm of the hand up?
Supinator
What muscle runs across the front of the lower part of the radius as the ulna and turns the palm of the hand downward and inward?
Pronator
What muscle is located mid forearm on the inside of the arm and bends the wrist and closes the fingers?
Flexor ulnaris
What muscle is located mid forearm on the outside of the arm and straightens the fingers and wrist?
Extensor radialis
What muscles separate the fingers?
Abductor
What muscles draw the fingers together?
Adductor
What muscles are located in the palm of the hand and cause the thumb to move toward the fingers allowing the hand to grasp or make a fist?
Opponens
What system controls the circulation of blood and lymph through the body?
Circulatory
What 2 interrelated subsystems is the circulatory system made of?
Cardiovascular and lymph vascular
The heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries are all part of what subsystem?
Cardiovascular system
A fist sized, come shaped muscular organ located inside the chest cavity.
Heart
The heart is entirely encased in what membrane?
Pericardium
The interior of the heart contains how many chambers?
4
What are the two upper chambers of the heart?
Right atrium and left atrium
The lower two chambers of the heart are composed of?
Right ventricle and left ventricle
A normal heart beats how many times per minute?
60-80
What cranial nerve helps regulate the heart beat?
Vagus 10th
The sticky salty fluid that circulates through the body, bringing nourishment and oxygen to all body parts and carries toxins to be eliminated.
Blood
An average adult has how many pints of blood?
8-10
Red corpuscles that carry oxygen and contain the protein hemoglobin, they release oxygen and collect carbon dioxide.
Red blood cells or erythrocytes
White corpuscles that protect the body by fighting bacteria and other foreign substances and they increase in number when an infection is present.
White blood cells or leucocytes
Begin the process of coagulation.
Blood platelets or thrombocytes
The fluid part of the blood in which red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended.
Plasma
Plasma is ____% water.
90
Tubular, elastic thick walled branching vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart through the body.
Arteries
Tubular, elastic thin walled branching vessels that carry oxygen depleted blood from the capillaries to the heart.
Veins
Small vessels that take nutrients and oxygen from the arteries to the cells and take waste products from the cells to the veins.
Capillaries
The process of blood traveling from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart is known as?
Systemic or general circulation
Oxygen depleted blood enters the right auricle through the ________.
Superior vena cava
From the right auricle blood is pumped through the ______ valve into the right ventricle.
Tricuspid
From the right ventricle blood is pumped into the ___________.
Pulmonary artery
The phase of circulation where blood travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where it is oxygenated.
Pulmonary circulation
Blood is supplied to the head, face, and neck by the _______________ located on either side of the neck.
Common carotid arteries
The _______ supplies blood to the brain, eyes, and forehead.
Internal carotid artery
The ______ branches into smaller arteries, supplying blood to the skin and muscles of the head.
External carotid artery
All blood from the head, face, and neck returns through what two veins?
Internal and external jugular
The _____ supplies blood to the back of the head, up to the crown.
Occipital artery
The ______ supplies blood to the scalp above and behind the ears.
Posterior auricular
The _______ supplies blood to the sides and too of the head and branches into 5 smaller arteries.
Superficial temporal
The ______ supplies blood to the lower portion of the face including the mouth and make and branches into 4 smaller arteries.
External maxillary or facial artery
The colorless liquid produced as a by product of plasma, passing nourishment to capillaries and cells. It nourishes parts of the body not reached by blood.
Lymph
How many lymph nodes are in the body and what so they do?
Over 100 and they act as barriers to infection from one area of the body to another
Coordinates and controls the overall operation of the human body by responding to both internal and external stimuli.
Nervous system
The study of the nervous system?
Neurology
The large rounded structure of the brain that occupies the upper front part of the cranial cavity and is the center of higher mental functions like memory, emotion, and thought.
Cerebrum
The average human brain weighs how many ounces?
44-48
This part of the brain regulates motor function, muscle movement, and balance. It’s known as the little brain because its located in the occipital area below the cerebrum.
Cerebellum
This part of the brain is the prominent band of nervous tissue that connects other parts of the brain to the spinal column. Located below the cerebrum.
Pons
This part of the brain governs respiration, circulation, swallowing and other body functions. The most vital part of the brain. Also called the bulb of the spinal cord.
Medulla oblongata
The nervous system is made up of how many subsystems?
3
What are the primary components of the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
The central or cerebrospinal nervous system is composed of _____ and _____. It controls all voluntary and involuntary actions.
Brain and spinal cord
The _____ is made up of long nerve fibers that originate in the base of the brain and extend to the base of the spine.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord holds how many pairs of spinal nerves?
31 pairs
The peripheral nervous system is composed of _____ and ____ nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the voluntary muscles. Sensory information.
Sensory and motor nerves
The ______ nervous system controls respiratory, digestion, circulatory, excretory, endocrine, and reproductive.
Autonomic
The autonomic system consists of what 2 subsystems? What do they each do?
Sympathetic which accelerates the heart rate and constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure. Parasympathetic which slows the heart rate and dilates vessels.
The body’s balanced state.
Homeostasis
The short fiber branches extending from a nerve cell.
Dendrites.
Receive impulses from adjacent neurons and transmit them along long threadlike axon fibers.
Dendrites
Nerve cells.
Neurons
At the end of each axon is a nerve terminal called a ____. The junctions across which nerve impulses pass.
Synapse
The interaction of sensory and motor nerves.
Reflex action
This type of nerves carry messages to the brain and spinal cord. Provide sense of smell, touch, taste, hearing, and sight. They react to outside stimulation.
Sensory or afferent nerves
This type of nerves carry messages from the brain to the muscles.
Motor or efferent nerves
Large nerves that perform both sensory and motor functions.
Sensory motor nerves
How many pairs of nerves originate in the brain and connect the brain directly with other parts of the body.
12
The first cranial nerve, the olfactory is responsible for?
Sense of smell
The second cranial nerve, the optic is responsible for?
Sense of sight
The third cranial nerve, the oculomotor is responsible for?
Motion of the eye
The fourth cranial nerve, the trochlear is responsible for?
Motion of the eye
The fifth cranial nerve, the trifacial is responsible for? Largest of the cranial nerves.
Chief sensory nerve of the face. Sensations of the face, tongue, and teeth.
The sixth cranial nerve, the abducent is responsible for?
Motion of the eye
The seventh cranial nerve, the facial is responsible for?
Chief motor nerve of the face. Motion of the face, scalp, neck, ear and sections of the tongue
The eighth cranial nerve, the acoustic or auditory is responsible for?
Sense of hearinf
The ninth cranial nerve, the glossipharyngeal is responsible for?
Sense of taste
The tenth cranial nerve, the vagus is responsible for?
Motion and sensation of the ear, pharynx
The eleventh cranial nerve, the accessory is responsible for?
Motion of neck muscles
The twelfth cranial nerve, the hypoglossal is responsible for?
Motion of the tongue
The layers of skin make up the _______ system.
Integumentary
What are the two main glands of the integumentary system?
Sebaceous and sudoriferous
Hyper pigmentation around the mouth and sometimes the forehead and cheeks during pregnancy.
Chloasma or melasma
The system that is composed of a group of specialized ductless glands that regulate and control the growth, reproduction and health of the body? Makes hormones.
Endocrine system
What system maintains the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and body tissues?
Respiratory system
What are the two primary functions of the respiratory system?
Inhalation and exhalation
Mucus membranes that filter out dust and dirt in the nose?
Vibrisaae
Warms inhaled air as it travels through the nasal passages.
Conchae
Spongy muscles composed of cells into which air enters when you inhale.
Lungs
Muscular organ that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen. Helps force air into and out of the lungs automatically.
Diaphragm
Contains the vocal chords and connects the pharynx to the trachea.
Larynx
The ______ respiratory tract consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx and larynx. The _____ respiratory tract consists of the trachea, bronchi and lungs.
Upper and lower
The conducting pathway through which air flows in the body
Trachea
The ____ deliver air directly into the lungs.
Bronchi
The _______ system eliminates solid, liquid, and gaseous waste from the body.
Excretory
Secretes bile and converts and neutralizes ammonia from the circulatory system to urea.
Liver
Receive urea from the liver and then pass the urea through small tubelike structures known as nephrons. Excreted as urine.
Kidneys
Filters out waste products and water, allowing usable nutrients to be reabsorbed into the blood.
Nephrons
The trifacial nerve divides into ___ main branches.
3
The main trifacial nerve branch of the top 1/3 of the face.
Ophthalmic
The main trifacial nerve branch of the middle 1/3 of the face.
Maxillary
The main trifacial nerve branch of the bottom 1/3 of the face.
Mandibular
What nerve extends to the skin of the upper eyelid, eyebrow, forehead, and scalp?
Supraorbital
What nerve extends to the skin of the upper side of the nose between the eyes?
Supratrochlear
What nerve extends to the tip and lower side of the nose?
Nasal
What nerve extends to the side of the forehead, temple, and upper part of the cheek?
Zygomatic
What nerve extends to the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth?
Infrorbital
What nerve extends to the ear and to the area from the top of the head to the temple?
Auriculo temporal
What nerve extends to the lower lip and chin?
Mental
What nerve extends down the little finger side of the arm into the palm of the hand?
Ulnar
What nerve extends down the thumb side of the arm into the back of the hand?
Radial
What nerve extends down the mid forearm into the hand?
Median
What nerve extends into the fingers of the hand?
Digital
What system breaks down food into simpler chemical compounds that can be easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body as waste?
Digestive
What first breaks down food upon ingestion?
Enzymes secreted by the salivary gland
Food that is ingested travels down the _____, the passage to the stomach and the lungs.
Pharynx
Food travels through the _______, the passage between the pharynx and the stomach.
Esophagus
The twisting and turning motion of the esophagus.
Peristalsis
The organ where digestion occurs.
Stomach
The acid of the stomach that breaks down food.
Hydrocholric
The enzyme responsible for breaking down protein into polypeptide molecules and free amino acids.
Pepsin
Partially digested food passes from the stomach to the ________, where the breakdown of nutrients begins.
Small intestine
Finger like projections of the small intestine walls, which absorb nutrients and transport them into the circulatory system.
Villi
Undigested food passes into the ______ or colon, which stores the waste for eventual elimination.
Large intestine
The entire process of digestion takes how many hours?
9
