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Musculoskeletal I > Skin physiology > Flashcards

Skin physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is lowest ambient temperature?

A

~27 C

Mammals can maintain body temp at BMR

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2
Q

What occurs at very low temperature?

A

Cardiac fibrillation and failure

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3
Q

What is lower lethal core temp?

A

26 C

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4
Q

What occurs with very high temp?

A

Heat stroke

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5
Q

What is upper lethal core temp?

A

43.5 C

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6
Q

What is the normal body temp?

A

37 C or 98.6 F

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7
Q

What is the normal range of body temp?

A

36.3-37.1 C or 97.3-98.8 F

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8
Q

What is the difference in oral temp and core body temp?

A

It is 0.5 C less than core body temp

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9
Q

What are the sites for recording core body temp?

A

Rectum
Vagina
Tympanic membrane

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10
Q

What is the normal temp variation in infants?

A

0.5C more than normal

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11
Q

What is a normal temp variation in old age?

A

Lower than normal

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12
Q

When is there a higher normal temp in females and what is the difference?

A

Ovulation

0.5 C higher

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13
Q

What is the diurnal variation of temp?

A

1.5 C
Lowest in morning and highest in evening

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14
Q

What activities of the body produce heat?

A

BMR
Muscle activity
Effect of thyroxine
Epinephrine, norepinephrine - sympathetic stimulation
Increased chemical activity
Extra metabolism - thermogenic effect of food

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15
Q

What are the mechanisms of heat loss in the body?

A

Insulator system of body
Blood flow to skin
Control of heat conduction to skin by sympathetic NS
Radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
Sweating and regulation by ANS
Loss of heat by panting
Role of ant hypothalamic-preoptic area in thermostatic detection of temp

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16
Q

What functions as insulator of the body?

A

Skin, subcutaneous tissues - especially fat

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17
Q

What is the percentage of heat removed by radiation?

A

60%

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18
Q

What is the percentage of heat lost by conduction to solid objects? Conduction to air?

A

3%

15%

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19
Q

What is the quantity of heat loss for evaporation?

A

0.58 calorie for each gram of water

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20
Q

About how much water is evaporated a day?

A

600-700 mL

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21
Q

What are the two types of temp regulating reflexes?

A

Peripheral on skin
Central in hypothalamus, spinal chord, abdominal organs

22
Q

What is the ‘thermostat’ of the body?

A

Preoptic region of anterior hypothalamus

23
Q

Where is the output from thalamus sent and how?

A

Sympathetic nerves to sweat glands, skin arterioles, and adrenal medulla
Motor neuron to skeletal muscles

24
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone?

A

25-30 C or 75-85 F

25
Q

What is the heat loss center?

A

Preoptic and anterior hypothalamic nuclei

26
Q

What is the heat gain center?

A

Posterior hypothalamus

27
Q

What will occur with warming of the anterior hypothalamus?

A

Vasodilatation
Sweating
Hyperpnoea

28
Q

What will damage heat loss response?

A

Injury to anterior hypothalamus

29
Q

What will occur with stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus?

A

Vasoconstriction

30
Q

What will happen with injury to posterior hypothalamus?

A

Abolishes response to cold
Interferes with heat response

31
Q

What nerves are involved with autonomic thermoregulation?

A

Sympathetic adrenergic vasomotor nerves (cutaneous vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
Sympathetic cholinergic nerves to sweat glands

32
Q

What nerves are involved with somatic thermoregulation?

A

Nerves to skeletal muscle
Nerves to respiratory muscles

33
Q

What is role of the adrenal medulla in thermoregulation?

A

Adrenaline release
Vasoconstriction
Metabolic rate and heat production

34
Q

How will adrenal cortical insufficiency effect thermoregulation?

A

BMR low - low cold tolerance and lower core body temp

35
Q

How is thyroid hormone involved in thermoregulation?

A

Calorigenic
Action of adrenaline calorigenesis
Warm skin with hyperthyroidism

36
Q

What mechanisms are stimulated by cold to conserve heat?

A

Vasoconstriction
Reduction of surface area - curling up
Behavioral responses
Piloerection
Abolition of sweating

37
Q

What mechanisms are stimulated by cold to produce heat?

A

Increase muscle tone
Shivering
Increase voluntary activity
Adrenaline and noradrenaline secretion
Thyroxin production
Hunger
Increased appetite

38
Q

What mechanisms are stimulated by heat to cause heat loss?

A

Vasodilation
Sweating
Behavioral response
Insensible perspiration
Increased respiration
Excretion of urine and feces

39
Q

What mechanisms are stimulated by heat to decrease heat production?

A

Decreased muscle tone
Decreased secretion of epinephrine
Decreased appetite
Apathy
Decrease voluntary activities
Decrease TSH secretion

40
Q

What temp is considered a fever?

A

> 99 F

41
Q

What is a pyrogen?

A

Any substance that increases set point of hypothalamus

42
Q

What are examples of a pyrogen?

A

Gram neg bacterial endotoxins
Interleukin-1
Inflammatory mediators

43
Q

What are characteristics of febrile condition?

A

Increased heat production by shivering and metabolism
Diminished heat loss by vasoconstriction
Skin is warm and flushed
Subsides by sweating
Antibody production high
Many microorganisms destroyed
Hyperthermia slows growth

44
Q

What are treatments for fever?

A

Tepid sponging
Antipyretic agents
Aspirin
Treatment of cause

45
Q

How does aspirin work against fever?

A

Blocks PG-E2

46
Q

What temperature indicates heat stroke?

A

41 C or 106 F

47
Q

What are symptoms of heat stroke?

A

Headache
Restlessness
Mental confusion/delirium
Convulsions
CV collagpse
Coma

48
Q

How should heat stroke be treated?

A

Bring down temp with ice packs to 102 F
Fluids
Medical emergency

49
Q

What is the temp that indicates hypothermia?

A

<35 C

50
Q

At what temp is the ability of the hypothalamus to regulate temp lost?

A

28 C or 85 F

51
Q

What are symptoms of hypothermia?

A

HR, BP, and RR decreased
LOC
Heart fibrillation

Musculoskeletal I (14 decks)

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