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Musculoskeletal I > Lower limb > Flashcards

Lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 main ligaments make up the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

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2
Q

What are the extensors of the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings
Adductor magnus

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3
Q

What are the abductors of the hip?

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
tensor fasciae latae

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4
Q

What are the medial rotators of the hip?

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae

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5
Q

What are the flexors of the hip?

A

Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Tensor fasciae latae
Rectus femoris tendon
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis

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6
Q

What are the adductors of the hip?

A

Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Obturator externus
Gracilis

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7
Q

What are the lateral rotators of the hip?

A

Obturator externus and internus
Piriformis
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris
Gluteus maximus

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8
Q

What is the main artery for the head of the femur?

A

Medial circumflex to retinacular

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9
Q

What can be damaged with a fracture to the neck of the femur?

A

Retinacular arteries/medial circumflex which may cause avascular necrosis

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10
Q

What is the sign of congenital hip dislocation?

A

Trendelenburg sign

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of developmental dysplasia of hip?

A

Shallow hip socket, abnormal acetabulum

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12
Q

What is the most common type of hip dislocation?

A

Posterior

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13
Q

What nerve can be injured in a posterior hip dislocation?

A

Sciatic

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14
Q

What are the bursae in the gluteal region?

A

Trochanteric
Ischial
Gluteofemoral

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15
Q

What nerve innervates gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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16
Q

What are the actions of gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Abduction and medial rotation at hip
Steadies pelvis contralaterally when one leg is raised

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17
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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18
Q

What are the actions of gluteus maximus?

A

Extension and lateral rotation of hip
Standing from sitting

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19
Q

What innervates tensor fasciae latae?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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20
Q

What are the actions of tensor fasciae latae?

A

Abduction, medial rotation, and flexion at hip
Extension at knee

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21
Q

What is the innervation of piriformis?

A

Branches of anterior rami (L5-S2)

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22
Q

What are the actions of piriformis?

A

Lateral rotation and abduction

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23
Q

What are the actions of obturator internus?

A

Lateral rotation and abduction

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24
Q

What is the innervation of obturator internus?

A

Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)

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25
Q

What are the actions of gemelli?

A

Lateral rotation and abduction?

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26
Q

What nerves innervate the gemelli?

A

Superior - nerve to obturator internus
Inferior - nerve to quadratus femoris

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27
Q

What are the posterior nerves of the gluteal region?

A

Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Nerve to piriformis
Common fibular

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28
Q

What are the anterior nerves of the gluteal region?

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris
Nerve to obturator internus
Pudendal
Posterior femoral cutaneous
Tibial

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29
Q

What two nerves form the sciatic nerve?

A

Common fibular
Tibial

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30
Q

What is innervated by the pudendal nerve?

A

Perineum

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31
Q

What are the arteries of the gluteal region from internal iliac?

A

Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Internal pudendal

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32
Q

What is the sign of trochanteric bursitis?

A

Point tenderness over greater trochanter

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33
Q

Where are intergluteal injections given?

A

Superolateral quadrant of buttocks

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34
Q

What can be complications of an improper intragluteal injection?

A

Nerve injury, hematoma, or abscess

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35
Q

What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great saphenous
Small saphenous

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36
Q

What are some deep veins of the lower limb?

A

Femoral
Popliteal
Fibular
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Profunda femoris

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37
Q

What drains into the superficial inguinal nodes?

A

Lymph from thigh, perineum, gluteal region, and lower abdominal wall

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38
Q

What drains into the deep inguinal nodes?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes and deep structures of lower limbs

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39
Q

What drains into the popliteal nodes?

A

Lymph from heel, lateral foot, and back of leg

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40
Q

Where do the superficial deep inguinal lymph nodes drain?

A

External iliac nodes

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41
Q

What is formed by fascia lata?

A

Iliotibial tract

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42
Q

what is the antero medial proximal opening of the fascia lata called?

A

Saphenous opening

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43
Q

What passes through the saphenous opening?

A

Great saphenous vein and some lymphatic vessels

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44
Q

What are the three compartments of the thigh?

A

Anterior
Medial
Posterior

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45
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior thigh?

A

Femoral

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46
Q

What nerve innervates the medial compartment of thigh?

A

Obturator

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47
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sciatic

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48
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Iliopsoas
Psoas major
Sartorius
Pectineus
Quadriceps femoris

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49
Q

What muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

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50
Q

What is the function of iliopsoas?

A

Flexion of hip

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51
Q

What is the function of psoas?

A

Flexion of hip

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52
Q

What is the function of sartorius?

A

Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation at hip
Flexion at knee

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53
Q

What is the function of rectus femoris?

A

Extension at knee
Aids in flexion at hip

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54
Q

What is the function of the vastus muscles?

A

Extension at knee

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55
Q

What muscles are in the medial compartment of thigh and the main innervation?

A

Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Gracilis
Obturator externus
Adductor magnus

Obturator N

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56
Q

What is the function of adductor longus and brevis?

A

Adduction at hip

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57
Q

What is the function of gracilis?

A

Adduction at hip
Flexion and medial rotation at knee

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58
Q

What is the function of obturator externus?

A

Lateral rotation of hip

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59
Q

What is the function of adductor magnus?

A

Adduction, flexion, and extension of hip

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60
Q

What two nerves innervate adductor magnus?

A

Obturator
Tibial of sciatic

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61
Q

What muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Hamstrings

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62
Q

What are the hamstrings?

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris

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63
Q

What innervates semitendinosus and semimembranosus?

A

Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)

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64
Q

What are the actions of semitendinosus and semimembranosus?

A

Extension and lateral rotation at hip
Flexion at knee
Extension of trunk

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65
Q

What innervates the long head of biceps femoris?

A

Tibial division of sciatic

66
Q

What innervates the short head of biceps femoris?

A

Common fibular of sciatic

67
Q

What are the actions of biceps femoris?

A

Flexion of knee
Lateral rotation at hip
Extension of hip while walking

68
Q

What muscle is usually involved in groin injury?

A

Adductor longus

69
Q

What spinal nerves form sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

70
Q

What are common lesion sites of the sciatic nerve?

A

Posterior dislocation of femur
Herniated lumbar discs
Improper intramuscular injection
Piriformis entrapment syndrome
Hip implant

71
Q

What sensation is innervated by sciatic nerve?

A

Posterior thigh, posterior leg, and sole of foot

72
Q

What is the sensory portion of the sciatic nerve in the thigh called?

A

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

73
Q

What are the spinal nerves found in the femoral nerve?

A

posterior L2-L4

74
Q

What is the sensation innervated by femoral nerve?

A

Anterior thigh and medial leg and ankle

75
Q

What is the name of the femoral nerve in the lower leg?

A

Saphenous nerve

76
Q

What are common lesion sites of the femoral nerve?

A

Lateral psoas abscess
Trauma to pelvic girdle

77
Q

What nerve innervates sensation of lateral thigh?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

78
Q

What spinal nerves form obturator?

A

Anterior L2-L4

79
Q

What innervates sensation of medial thigh?

A

Obturator

80
Q

What are common lesion sites for obturator?

A

Surgery/tumors affecting lateral pelvic wall
Childbirth
Medial psoas abscess

81
Q

What is the base of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

82
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the femoral trinagle?

A

Sartorius muscle

83
Q

What is the medial boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Adductor longus muscle

84
Q

What forms the apex of the femoral triangle?

A

Medial border of sartorius cross lateral border of adductor longus

85
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral nerve and branches
Femoral artery and branches
Femoral vein and tributaries
Deep inguinal lymph nodes and vessels

86
Q

What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Adductor longus

87
Q

What are the three compartments of the femoral sheath and what do they contain?

A

Lateral - femoral artery
Intermediate - femoral vein
Medial - femoral canal

88
Q

What is the function of the femoral canal?

A

Allows expansion of femoral vein

89
Q

What is contained in the adductor canal?

A

Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Saphenous nerve

90
Q

What does the femoral artery become as it crosses into lower leg?

A

Popliteal artery

91
Q

What are the branches of the popliteal artery?

A

Anterior tibial
Posterior tibial

92
Q

What are the branches of the femoral artery?

A

Profunda femoris
Perforating

93
Q

What are the branches of profunda femoris?

A

Medial circumflex
Lateral circumflex

94
Q

What artery goes to posterior thigh?

A

Perforating from femoral

95
Q

What artery goes to medial thigh?

A

Obturator

96
Q

What artery goes to anterior thigh?

A

Femoral

97
Q

Where can the femoral artery be manually compressed?

A

Just inferior of midpoint of inguinal ligament

98
Q

What are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

Anterior cruciate
Posterior cruciate
Medial and lateral menisci

99
Q

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

Ligmentum patella
Fibular/lateral collateral
Tibial/medial collateral
Oblique popliteal
Arcuate popliteal

100
Q

What muscles perform medial rotation at the knee?

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

101
Q

What muscle performs lateral rotation at the knee?

A

Biceps femoris

102
Q

What are the bursae around the knee?

A

Suprapatellar
Popliteus
Anserine
Subtendinous
Semimembranosus
Prepatellar
Subcutaneous infrapatellar
Deep infrapatellar

103
Q

What sign is used to check ACL?

A

Anterior drawer sign

104
Q

What sign is used to check PCL?

A

Posterior drawer sign

105
Q

What is the sign of a medial meniscus tear?

A

Pain with external rotation of flexed knee

106
Q

What is the sign of a lateral meniscus tear?

A

Pain with internal rotation of flexed knee

107
Q

What ligaments are involved in the unhappy triad?

A

Medial meniscus
Medial collateral ligament
ACL

108
Q

What forms anastomoses around the knee?

A

Branches of popliteal artery called geniculars

109
Q

What is the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris

110
Q

What is the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus and semitendinosus

111
Q

What forms the inferolateral and inferomedial boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

Lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius

112
Q

What forms the roof of the popliteal fossa?

A

Skin and popliteal fascia

113
Q

What forms the floor of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal surface of femur, capsule of knee joint, fascia covering popliteus muscle

114
Q

What is contained in the popliteal fossa?

A

Termination of small saphenous vein
Popliteal vein and its tributaries
Popliteal artery and its branches
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
Popliteal lymph nodes and vessels
Fat

115
Q

Where is the best place to palpate for a popliteal pulse?

A

Inferior part of fossa

116
Q

What does a weak or absent popliteal pulse indicate?

A

Femoral artery obstruction

117
Q

What are the three compartments of the lower leg?

A

Anterior
Lateral
Posterior

118
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis
Extensor digitorum

119
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior muscles of the lower leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

120
Q

What is the main action of tibialis anterior?

A

Inversion of foot

121
Q

What is the action of extensor hallucis and extensor digitorum?

A

Extension of digits
Dorsiflexion of foot

122
Q

What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

A

Fibularis/peroneus longus
Fibularis/peroneus brevis

123
Q

What innervates the lateral muscles of the lower leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

124
Q

What is the action of the lateral muscles of the lower leg?

A

Eversion of foot

125
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior

126
Q

What innervates the posterior muscles of the lower leg?

A

Tibial nerve

127
Q

What are the actions of gastrocnemius?

A

Flexion of knee
Plantarflexion
Raise heel with walking

128
Q

What is the action of soleus?

A

Plantarflexion

129
Q

What muscles form achilles/calcaneal tendon?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus

130
Q

What is the action of flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus?

A

Flexion of digits

131
Q

What is the action of tibialis posterior?

A

Inversion of foot

132
Q

What nerve is affected in tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

Tibial nerve

133
Q

How do you test the calcaneal tendon reflex?

A

Flex knee, externally rotate hip, and dorsiflex foot. Tap achilles tendon

134
Q

What is the deep fascia of the plantar surface of the foot?

A

Plantar aponeurosis

135
Q

What are the plantar muscles?

A

Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor hallucis
Lumbricals
Quadratus plantae
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Plantar interossei

136
Q

What is the normal response to plantar reflex/stroke?

A

Flexion of toes

137
Q

What is an abnormal response to plantar reflex in older children and adults?

A

Babinski sign

138
Q

What is the origin of the common fibular/peroneal nerve?

A

Posterior division of sciatic nerve

139
Q

What structures does the peroneal nerve pass next too?

A

Popliteal fossa
Neck of fibula

140
Q

What lower leg compartments are innervated by the peroneal nerve?

A

Anterior and lateral compartments

141
Q

What sensation is innervated by peroneal nerve?

A

Skin of anterior and lateral compartment of leg and dorsum of foot

142
Q

What are common lesion sites of the peroneal nerve?

A

Piriformis entrapment
Posterior thigh
Head/neck of fibula

143
Q

What are the branches of the peroneal/fibular nerve?

A

Deep fibular/peroneal
Superficial fibular/peroneal

144
Q

What nerve is damaged with foot drop?

A

Common peroneal/sciatic

145
Q

What is a common lesion site for deep peroneal nerve?

A

Anterior compartment of leg - compression

146
Q

What is a common lesion site for the superficial peroneal nerve?

A

Lateral compartment of leg
Chronic ankle sprains

147
Q

What compartment of the lower leg is innervated by the tibial nerve?

A

Posterior compartment and plantar surface of foot

148
Q

What are common lesion site of the tibial nerve?

A

Posterior thigh
Posterior leg
Posterior to medial malleolus
Plantar foot

149
Q

What are signs of tibial nerve damage?

A

Weak knee flexion
Weak plantar flexion
Weak inversion
Decreases Achilles reflex
Weak flexion of toes
Sensory loss of posterior thigh, posterior leg, and plantar foot

150
Q

What are the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular

151
Q

What are the medial/deltoid ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

Tibiotalar
Tibionavicular
Tibiocalcaneal

152
Q

What is the most common ligament injured in a lateral ankle sprain?

A

Anterior talofibular

153
Q

What are the tarsals?

A

Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform

154
Q

What is the purpose of the foot arch?

A

Protect nerve and vessels from compression
Weight distribution/bearing
Shock absorbers

155
Q

What are the three foot arches?

A

Medial longitudinal
Lateral longitudinal
Transverse

156
Q

What is needed to form the arches of the feet?

A

Shape of bones
Strength and support of pedal ligaments
Strength and tone of muscles

157
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery split into?

A

Medial and lateral plantar arteries of foot?

158
Q

What artery becomes the dorsalis pedis artery?

A

Anterior tibial arterior

159
Q

Where can you palpate the popliteal artery pulse?

A

Inferior in the popliteal fossa

160
Q

Where can you palpate dorsalis pedis pulse?

A

Feet slightly dorsiflexed

161
Q

Where can you palpate the posterior tibial artery?

A

Posterior to medial malleolus

162
Q

What nerve would be damaged with parasthesia of the medial foot?

A

Saphenous

Musculoskeletal I (14 decks)

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