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Musculoskeletal I > Anat of head and neck > Flashcards

Anat of head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of scalp?

A

SCALP
Skin
Cutaneous tissue - dense
Epicranial aponeurosis/galea aponeurotica
Loose areolar tissue
Pericranium

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2
Q

What is a risk in superficial scalp lacerations?

A

Severe bleeding because of arteries in 2nd layer cannot retract

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3
Q

What is the function of the epicranial aponeurosis?

A

Connect 2 frontalis bellies and 2 occipitalis bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle

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4
Q

What is a risk of a laceration through the aponeurosis?

A

Wide, gaping wound in scalp

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5
Q

What is the action of the frontalis muscle?

A

Elevation of eyebrows

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6
Q

What innervates the frontalis muscle?

A

Temporal branch of the facial nerve

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7
Q

What is the action of the occipitalis muscle?

A

Pulls scalp posteriorly and wrinkles skin on posterior neck

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8
Q

What is the innervation of the occipitalis muscle?

A

Posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve

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9
Q

What can occur in the loose areolar tissue layer?

A

Distension with fluid from injury or infection

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10
Q

What is the significance of the loose areolar tissue layer?

A

Emissary veins though parietal foramen do not have valves - can carry infection into the brain - dangerous area of scalp

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11
Q

What is the pericranium?

A

Periosteum covering outer surface of skull bones

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12
Q

What can occur at the pericranium level?

A

Cephalhematoma - between pericranium and calvaria

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13
Q

What causes a black eye/periorbital ecchymosis?

A

Extravasation of blood in 4th layer of scalp that gravitates down into eyelids because frontalis has no bony attachments

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14
Q

What arteries go to the scalp in front of the auricle?

A

Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Superficial temporal

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15
Q

What arteries go to the scalp behind the auricle?

A

Posterior auricular
Occipital

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16
Q

What veins make up the dangerous area of the face?

A

Supratrochlear vein and Supraorbital vein into Angular vein into Facial vein

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17
Q

What does the retromandibular vein divide into?

A

Anterior and posterior divisions

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18
Q

What forms the common facial vein?

A

Anterior division of retromandibular and facial vein

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19
Q

What forms the subclavian vein from the head?

A

Posterior division of retromandibular and posterior auricular vein

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20
Q

What does the occipital vein go into?

A

Sub-occipital plexus

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21
Q

What does the common facial vein go to?

A

Internal jugular vein

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22
Q

What does the posterior auricular vein become?

A

External jugular vein

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23
Q

What nerves go in front of the auricle?

A

Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Zygomaticotemporal
Temporal branch of facial
Auriculotemporal

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24
Q

What nerves branch off from ophthalmic trigeminal for the scalp?

A

Supratrochlear
Supraorbital

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25
Q

What nerve branches off from maxillary trigeminal for the scalp?

A

Zygomaticotemporal

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26
Q

What nerve branches off from mandibular temporal for the scalp?

A

Auriculotemporal

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27
Q

What nerves innervate the scalp behind the auricle and where do they branch from?

A

Great auricular
Posterior auricular
Lesser occipital
Greater occipital
Third occipital

Posterior rami of C2-C3

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28
Q

What nerves branch off of ophthalmic trigeminal for the face?

A

Infratrochlear
Lacrimal
External nasal

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29
Q

What nerves branch off of maxillary trigeminal for the face?

A

Infraorbital
Zygomaticofacial

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30
Q

What nerves branch off of mandibular trigeminal for the face?

A

Mental
Buccal

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31
Q

What lymph nodes does the upper facial area drain into?

A

Preauricular/superficial parotid

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32
Q

What lymph nodes does the intermediate area of the face (maxillary) drain into?

A

Submandibular

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33
Q

What lymph nodes does the lower area (mandibular) area of the face drain into?

A

Submental

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34
Q

How much of saliva production is done by the parotid glands?

A

25%

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35
Q

What is the path of the parotid duct?

A

From anterior parotid gland, along masseter, and opens opposite to second upper molar tooth

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36
Q

What nerve innervates the the parotid?

A

Glossopharyngeal to lesser petrosal to relay in otic ganglion then into auriculotemporal nerve to the parotid

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37
Q

What are the structures within the parotid gland?

A

FRE:
-Facial nerve
-Retromandibular vein
-ECA

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38
Q

What is another name for parotitis?

A

Mumps

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39
Q

What are clinical signs of parotitis/mumps?

A

Swelling of parotid gland
Pain with compression of gland
Paresis of five terminal branches of facial nerve

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40
Q

What are complications for parotitis/mumps?

A

Orchitis
Meningitis

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41
Q

What is Frey’s/Baillarger’s syndrome?

A

Sweating and flushing of skin along distributions of the auriculotemporal nerve

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42
Q

What causes Frey’s/Baillarger’s syndrome?

A

After trauma or surgery auriculotemporal nerve that is supposed to innervate parotid reattaches to sweat glands in same region

43
Q

What is the main artery of the face?

A

Facial artery

44
Q

What is the path of the facial artery?

A

From external carotid around inferior mandible into face

45
Q

What is an area of compression for the facial artery?

A

Anterior to masseter muscle

46
Q

What arteries branch off from facial artery?

A

Superior and inferior labial arteries
Angular artery
Superficial temporal

47
Q

What arteries branch off from internal carotid and go to the face and scalp?

A

Supraorbital
Supratrochlear

48
Q

What vein drains the face?

A

Facial vein

49
Q

What part of the orbicularis oculi gently closes the eye?

A

Palpebral part

50
Q

What part of the orbicularis oculi aids in draining tears?

A

Lacrimal part

51
Q

What part of the orbicularis oculi tightly closes the eye?

A

Orbital part

52
Q

What is the function of the buccinator?

A

Chewing, blowing, whistling

53
Q

What nerve innervates the buccinator?

A

Facial nerve

54
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve?

A

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical

55
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

56
Q

What nerve innervates angle of the jaw?

A

Great auricular nerve from cervical plexus

57
Q

What is the test for the temporal branch of the facial nerve?

A

Frown and wrinkle forehead

58
Q

What is the test for zygomatic branch of the facial nerve?

A

Close eyes tightly

59
Q

What is the test for the buccal branch of the facial nerve?

A

Puff up cheeks
Smile and show teeth

60
Q

What is the test for the cervical branch of the facial nerve?

A

Neck stress - platysma

61
Q

What is a test of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve?

A

Muscles of lower lip and chin

62
Q

What are clinical features of Bell’s palsy?

A

Transverse wrinkles of forehead disappear and eyebrows droop
Eyeball of effected side rolls up with trying to close eyes
Food gets accumulated in vestibule of mouth
Speech and pursing of lips may be affected
Angle of mouth remains motionless on effected side while smiling

63
Q

What nerve is affected in Bell’s palsy?

A

Facial nerve

64
Q

What are possible causes of Bell’s palsy?

A

Sudden exposure to cold
Middle ear infections
Fractures or tumors

65
Q

What are ligaments of the TMJ?

A

Capsular ligament
Lateral/temporomandibular ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament

66
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

Synovial bi-condylar - modified hinge

67
Q

What nerves supply the TMJ?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve from posterior mandibular
Masseteric nerve from anterior mandibular

68
Q

What arteries run along the TMJ?

A

Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery

69
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

70
Q

What innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

71
Q

What are the three layers of deep cervical fascia?

A

Investing layer
Pre-tracheal layer
Prevertebral layer

72
Q

What layer of deep cervical fascia surrounds the entire neck?

A

Investing layer

73
Q

What layer of deep cervical fascia is limited to anterior neck from hyoid into thorax?

A

Pre-tracheal layer

74
Q

What layer of deep cervical fascia continues with fibrous pericardium?

A

Pre-tracheal layer

75
Q

What are the two parts of the pre-tracheal layer?

A

Muscular part
Visceral part

76
Q

What is the function of the muscular part of the pre-tracheal layer?

A

Encloses infrahyoid muscles

77
Q

What is the function of the visceral part of the pre-tracheal layer?

A

Encloses thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus

78
Q

What continues with the buccopharyngeal fascia of the pharynx?

A

Visceral part of the pre-tracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia

79
Q

What is the function of the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia?

A

Tubular sheath for vertebral column and associated muscles

80
Q

What structures pierce the carotid sheath?

A

External carotid
Most tributaries of internal jugular vein
9th,11th, and 12th branches of the vagus nerve CNX

81
Q

What makes up the retropharyngeal space?

A

Anterior - buccopharyngeal fascia
Posterior - prevertebral fascia
Carotid sheaths laterally
Superiorly - base of skull
Inferiorly - superior mediastinum of thorax

82
Q

What is the function of retropharyngeal space?

A

For expansion of pharynx during deglutition

83
Q

What is contained in the retropharyngeal space?

A

Loose areolar tissue
Pharyngeal plexus of nerves and vessels

84
Q

What makes up the roof of the posterior triangle?

A

Skin, superficial fascia, platysma, investing layer of deep cervical fascia

85
Q

What structure is related to the roof of the posterior triangle?

A

External jugular vein

86
Q

What are the nerves associated with the posterior triangle?

A

Lesser occipital
Greater auricular
Transverse cervical
Supraclavicular
Spinal accessory

87
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the posterior triangle?

A

Occipital
Supraclavicular

88
Q

What makes up the floor of the occipital trangle?

A

Semispinalis, splenius capitus, levator scapulae, scalenus medius and posterior

89
Q

What makes up the floor of the supraclavicular triangle?

A

Outer border of first rib, scalenus medius, first digitation of serratus anterior

90
Q

What is Erb’s point?

A

Region in upper trunk of brachial plexus where 6 nerves meet

91
Q

What nerves meet in Erb’s point?

A

C5, C6, suprascapular nerve, anterior and posterior nerve to subclavius

92
Q

What is the first nerve to be damaged in posterior triangle neck surgeries?

A

Spinal accessory nerve

93
Q

What are the actions of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Flexion and rotation of neck
Accessory muscle of respiration

94
Q

What is a wry neck?

A

Applied spasm of sternocleidomastoid

95
Q

What is torticullis?

A

Applied spasm of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

96
Q

What are signs of wry neck or torticollis?

A

Elevation of shoulder on affected side
Stiffness and shortening of the neck muscles
Limited ROM of neck

97
Q

When is common to see enlargement of the Virchow’s group of lymph nodes?

A

Malignant growth from stomach, testis, left thorax, other abdominal organs

98
Q

What are the Virchow’s group of lymph nodes?

A

Deep group of cervical/supraclavicular lymph nodes

99
Q

What are the contents of the anterior triangle?

A

Carotid artery and its branches
Internal jugular vein and its tributaries
Four cranial nerves (1-12) - ansa cervicalis
Submandibular and part of parotid

100
Q

What are the anterior branches of the external carotid in the neck?

A

Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial

101
Q

What are the posterior branches of the external carotid in the neck?

A

Occipital
Posterior auricular

102
Q

What is the medial branch of the external carotid in the neck?

A

Ascending pharyngeal

103
Q

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid off of the facial branch?

A

Maxillary
Superficial temporal

Musculoskeletal I (14 decks)

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