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NURS 210 > Skin, Hair, & Nails > Flashcards

Skin, Hair, & Nails Flashcards

1
Q

what are some of the SKIN’S integral functions?

A
  • PROTECTIVE BARRIER against foreign substances & trauma
  • restricts BODY FLUID LOSS
  • regulates BODY TEMP
  • produces VITAMIN D
  • provides SENSORY PERCEPTION
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2
Q

describe the A&P of the SKIN

A

EPIDERMIS:
- outermost layer (come lets get sub burnt)
DERMIS:
- connective tissue layer
- includes elastin, collagen, fibers, motor nerve fibers
HYPODERMIS:
- subcutaneous layer
- important for HEAT, INSULATION, SHOCK ABSORPTION, calorie reserve

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3
Q

what are some APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN?

A
  • ECCRINE & APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
  • SEBACEOUS GLANDS
  • HAIR
  • NAILS
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4
Q

describe ECCRINE GLANDS

A

direct opening on skin surface

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5
Q

describe APOCRINE GLANDS

A
  • specialized structures found in axillae, nipples, areolae, eyelids, ears
  • secrete OILY FLUID containing protein, CHO, & etc…
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6
Q

describe SEBACEOUS GLANDS

A

secretion of SEBUM - acts of lubricant & moisturizer for skin & hair

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7
Q

what are NAILS composed of?

A

keratin–very important for dexterity

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8
Q

describe what happens to A&P of the skin in OLDER ADULTS?

A
  • decreased activity of GLANDS; = drier skin & less perspiration
  • THINNING of the epidermis
  • decreased COLLAGEN & ELASTICITY
  • increased GRAY HAIR = decreased MELANOCYTES
  • increased baldness
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9
Q

describe HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS–SKIN

A

important to observe/ask;
- skin changes
- specific symptoms
- specific location
- recent exposures/travel history
- any medications?
- any trauma?
- any bites?

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10
Q

describe HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS–HAIR?

A

important to observe/ask;
- changes in hair
- any symptoms?
- diet/nutrition?
- any infestations?
- any medications?

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11
Q

describe HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS–NAILS?

A

important to observe/ask;
- changes in nails
- recent history
- any associated symptoms?
- exposure/occupations?
- medications?

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12
Q

what are some signs of history to observe within OLDER ADULTS?

A
  • can have INCREASED or DECREASED SENSATION
  • have many different factors of CHANGE in skin, hair, & nails
  • have greater SUSCEPTIBILITY to SKIN INFECTIONS
  • have DECREASED HEALING RESPONSES
  • have greater SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FAILLS
  • have greater MEDICATIONS **POLYPHARMACY
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13
Q

what do we PALPATE FOR on SKIN SURFACES? (5)

A
  • MOISTURE
  • TEMPERATURE
  • TEXTURE
  • TURGOR
  • ELASTICITY
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14
Q

what do we INSPECT FOR on SKIN SURFACES?

A
  • COLOR & UNIFORM APPERANCE
    (ex. color is appropriate for ethicity)
  • any SKIN LESIONS/WOUNDS?
  • THICKNESS
  • SYMMETRY
  • HYGIENE
  • any ABNORMALITIES
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15
Q

what are areas that NEED EXTRA INSPECTION during skin examination?

A
  • important to also check areas like SKIN FOLDS;
  • larger breast under areas
  • obese abdomen
  • groin
    (all of these areas are WARM & MOIST – susceptible for irritation/infection)
  • also checking FEET, TOENAILS, FINGERS, TOES
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16
Q

can rashes be soley on one part of the body?

A

NO, rashes can be various areas on the body–important to specify & clear if rashes are LOCALIZED or GENERALIZED

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17
Q

normal moisture of skin

A

should be MINIMAL / some oiliness

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18
Q

what surface of the hand do we use to PALPATE FOR TEMPERATURE? normal temperature of skin?

A

using the DORSAL SURFACE – more sensitized to temperature
- skin should be WATM – hands & feet can be slightly cooler
- want this temperature to be BILATERAL = normal circulatory status

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19
Q

normal texture of skin

A

should be SMOOTH, SOFT, & EVEN

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20
Q

normal TURGOR of the skin

A
  • should immediately revert back to original position after pinching
    if NOT (INTENTED); can be a sign of DEHYDRATION/PRESENT EDEMA
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21
Q

hypothermia

A

a medical emergency that occurs when the body’s temperature drops too low, usually due to exposure to cold temperatures for a prolonged period

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22
Q

hyperthermia

A

condition where the body’s temperature is higher than normal due to a failure of the body’s thermoregulation system

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23
Q

diaphoresis

A

sweating

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24
Q

what are some IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS of SKIN LESIONS to NOTE? (8)

A
  • size
  • shape
  • color
  • texture
  • elevations/depressions
  • blanching
  • exudates
  • location & distribution
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25
Q

what are our TYPES OF SKIN LESIONS

A

 Macule
 Patch
 Papule
 Plaque
 Nodule
 Tumor
 Vesicle
 Bulla
 Pustule
 Cyst
 Wheal

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26
Q

bulla

A

fluid filled vesicle – BLISTER

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27
Q

cyst

A

elevated + circumscribed area of the skin filled with LIQUID or SEMISOLID FLUID

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28
Q

macule

A

FLAT + circumscribed AREA
- can be BROWN, RED, WHITE, or TAN

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29
Q

nodule

A

ELEVATED + FIRM + CIRCUMSCRIBED + PALPABLE area greater than 5 MM in diameter
- can involve all skin layers

30
Q

papule

A
  • TINY RAISED BUMP
  • can often develop from EXCESS OIL and PORE CLOGGED
31
Q

plaque

A
  • elevated FLAT TOPPED FIRM ROUGH PATCH
32
Q

pustule

A
  • similar to a VESCILE but is filled with PUS
33
Q

vesicle

A

elevated circumscribed superficial fluid-filled blister

34
Q

wheal

A

elevated irregular shaped area of CUTANEOUS EDEMA
- often as SOLID, TRANSIENT & CHANGEABLE
- can be RED, PALE PINK or WHITE (HIVES)

35
Q

describe VITILIGO

A
  • type of LONG-TERM CONDITION often seen by skin patches that LOSE PIGMENT
  • can affect inside of the mouth, hair, and nose
  • more at RISK OF SKIN CANCER in NONPIGMENTED AREAS of their skin
36
Q

what are PETECHIAE?

A
  • tiny PUNCTATE HEMORRHAGE
  • around 1 -3 mm ROUND
  • often is DARK RED, PURPLE, or BROWN
  • important to observe; can be a sign of SEPSIS/SEPTICEMIAS
37
Q

what are the ABCDE’s of SKIN CANCER?

A

A - ASYMMETRY
B - BORDER
C - COLOR
D - DIAMETER
E - ELEVATION & ENLARGEMENT

38
Q

how do we INSPECT & PALPATE THE HAIR?

A

INSPECTION:
- looking at patient’s texture, color, distribution & quantity

PALPATION:
- texture
- lesions

39
Q

what are some important characteristics to note about NAILS during our physical exam?

A
  • looking at PIGMENTATION
  • any SURFACE CHANGES (riding, beading, pitting, peeling)
  • REDNESS
  • PAIN/SWELLING/EXUDATE
  • firmness/thickness
  • how well does the nail adhere to the bed?
40
Q

why do we utilize the technique of CAPILLARY REFILL?

A
  • allows to see the CIRCULATORY STATUS WITHIN THE EXTREMITIES – this causes BLANCHING
  • should be normally 2 - 3 seconds
  • any longer; sign of DEHYDRATION & POOR CIRCULATION
41
Q

define ECZEMATOUS DERMATITIS

A

this is the MOST COMMON INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISORDER

42
Q

what are the types of ECZEMATOUS DERMATITIS?

A
  • IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS
  • ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS
  • ATOPIC DERMATITIS
43
Q

folliculitis

A
  • INFLAMMATION & INFECTION of the hair follicle & surrounding dermis
44
Q

furuncle (boil)

A

a DEEP-SEATED INFECTION of the PILOSEBACEOUS UNIT

45
Q

cellulitis

A
  • a DIFFUSE + ACUTE INFECTION of the SKIN & SUBQ TISSUE
  • this is often LOCALIZED
  • an INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
  • sometimes can mark the affected area to indicate process of healing/medication results
46
Q

definition of SKIN CANCER

A

out-of-control growth of abnormal cells
in the epidermis, the outermost skin layer,
caused by unrepaired DNA damage that
triggers mutations

47
Q

difference between BENIGN vs. MALIGNANT

A

BENIGN
- not cancerous; does not spread

MALIGNANT;
- cancerous; does spread

48
Q

tinea (dermatophytosis)

A
  • group of NONCANDIDAL FUNGAL INFECTIONS – often involving the STRTUM CORNEUM, NAILS or HAIR
  • just a fancy name for RINGWORM :) !
49
Q

psoriasis

A
  • a CHRONIC & RECURRENT DISEASE of a KERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION
  • often GENETIC
50
Q

rosacea

A

type of CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISORDER often characterized by REDNESS/SWELLING/PIMPLES around the nose & cheeks

51
Q

herpes zoster (shingles)

A
  • type of VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRAL INFECTION
  • very painful as it runs through the NERVE LINE
52
Q

herpes simplex definition

A

It’san infection spread through saliva that can cause painful blisters and ulcers.Usually on or around the mouth but can also be on genitalia.

53
Q
A
54
Q

difference between HSV-1 & HSV-2

A

TYPE ONE is associated with an ORAL INFECTION & TYPE TWO is associated with a genital infection

55
Q

what are some major symptoms of HERPES SIMPLEX 1 & key findings in the physical exam?

A

SYMPTOMS:
- fever
- pain
- swollen lymph nodes
- mouth blisters

Vesicular Lesions: Small, painful blisters, often in clusters.
Crusting: Sores may crust over as they heal.
Swollen Lymph Nodes: Tenderness in neck lymph nodes.

56
Q

what are the TICK-BORNE DISEASES that can lead to MULTISYSTEMIC FAILURE?

A
  • LYME DISEASE
  • ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
  • COLORADO TICK FEVER

**all must be treated as soon as possible

57
Q

alopecia areata

A

a SUDDEN RAPID COIN-SHAPED LOSS of HAIR usually from the scalp or face

58
Q

scarring alopecia

A

replacement of hair follicles with SCAR TISSUE

59
Q

traction alopecia

A

hair loss that is the result of PROLONGED TIGHTLY PULLED HAIRSTYLES

60
Q

hirsutism

A
  • growth of TERMINAL HAIR in WOMEN in the male distribution pattern on the FACE, BODY, and pubic areas
  • can be a sign of VIRILIZATION (type of ENDOCRINE DISORDER)
61
Q

nevi

A

also known as MOLES
- often seen on more light skinned patients & are strongly associated with sun exposure

62
Q

paronchyia

A

inflammation of the PARONYCHIUM

63
Q

onychomycosis

A

a FUNGAL INFECTION of the nail
- often has a yellow discoloration & vertical ridging

64
Q

ANONYCHIA

A

complete absence of a nail
- can occur as a congenital condition

65
Q

ingrown nails

A

nails begin to pierce into the LATERAL NAIL FOLD and grow into the dermis

66
Q

nail avulsion

A

part or all of a nail is torn away or removed from the nail bed

67
Q

subungual hematoma

A

trauma to the nail plate that is SEVERE ENOUGH to cause IMMEDIATE BLEEDING & PAIN

68
Q

onycholysis

A

loosening of the NAIL PLATE from the bed that begins at the distal groove

69
Q

nail clubbing definition

A

change within the NAIL STRUCTURE
- more UPSIDE DOWN SPOON LIKE + SPONGE LIKE
- FINGERS ENLARGE & CURVED NAILS over the span of many years

70
Q

why does NAIL CLUBBING OCCUR?

A

this is due to LOW OXYGEN LEVELS WITHIN THE BLOOD
- can be signs of lung diseases; COPD, LUNG CANCER, CYSTIC FIBROSIS etc…

71
Q

kolioonychia

A
  • aka SPOON NAILS
  • sign of HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA; IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA/SYPHILIS
  • more CONCAVE IN SHAPE

NURS 210 (15 decks)

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