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NURS 210 > Heart <3 > Flashcards

Heart <3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the HEART’s FUNCTIONS?

A
  • aids to CIRCULATE BLOOD throughout the body & lungs through TWO SEPARATE CIRCULATIONS;
    • body
    • lungs
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2
Q

describe the LOCATION of the HEART

A
  • located in the MEDIASTINUM
  • left of the midline
  • ABOVE the DIAPHRAGM
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3
Q

describe the CHAMBERS & VALVES of the heart

A

CHAMBERS:
- ATRIA
acting BLOOD RESERVOIRS for returning blood from veins
- VENTRICLES
acting as PUMPS to pump blood towards the lungs or body

VALVES:
- ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
TRICUSPID & MITRAL VALVE
- SEMILUNAR VALVES
PULMONIC & AORTIC VALVE

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4
Q

how can we memorize the VALVE ORDER?

A
  • “TRY PULLING MY ARM”
    tricuspid
    pulmonic
    mitral
    aortic
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5
Q

what are the THREE LAYERS OF THE HEART?

A
  • PERICARDIUM
  • EPICARDIUM
  • MYOCARDIUM
  • ENDOCARDIUM
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6
Q

epicardium

A
  • thin outermost muscle layer—covers the heart surface
  • extends into the great vessels
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7
Q

myocardium

A
  • the THICK MUSCULAR MIDDLE LAYER
  • important for the PUMPING of the heart
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8
Q

endocardium

A
  • the innermost layer —lines the chambers of the heart & heart valves
  • has SMALL MUSCLES that allows the OPENING & CLOSING of the valves
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9
Q

pericardium

A
  • tough double walled fibrous sac that helps to ENCASE & PROTECT THE HEART
  • has also some fluid;
    • allows for LOW-FRICTION MOVEMENT
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10
Q

DESCRIBE the HEART CIRCULATION PROCESS

A
  1. have the SVC & IVC that are now returning DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
  2. enters into the RA
    (flows though TRICUSPID VALVE)
  3. enters into the RV
    (flows through PULMONIC VALVE)
    (flows into PULMONARY ARTERIES)
  4. enters into LUNGS **pulmonary circulation to now OXYGENATE THE BLOOD
    (flows into PULMONARY VEINS)
  5. enters into LEFT ATRIUM that now have OXYGENATED BLOOD
    (flows through MITRAL VALVE)
  6. enters into LEFT VENTRICLE
    (flows through AORTIC VALVE
  7. enters into AORTA which then delivers OXYGENATED BLOOD TOWARDS THE BODY
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11
Q

definition of the cardiac cycle

A

the FILLING & EMPTYING of the heart’s chamber

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12
Q

what are the TWO PHASES OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE?

A
  • consists of DIASTOLE & SYSTOLE

DIASTOLE:
where the heart is at rest; and we have the FILLING OF THE HEART
- where the VENTRICLES DILATE
- drawing BLOOD from the ATRIA&raquo_space; VENTRICLES

SYSTOLE:
where the heart is contracting; and we have the EMPTYING OF THE HEART
- where the VENTRICLES CONTRACT
- LV&raquo_space; AORTA
- RV&raquo_space; PULMONARY ARTERY

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13
Q

what considerations to observe for HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS?

A
  • does the patient have chest pain or dyspnea?
  • any coughing/dyspnea/orthopnea?
  • edema/nocturia? (due to possible poor circulation–more fluid build-up in the bladder)
  • tobacco use?
  • past surgeries/family history?
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14
Q

what are some RISK FACTORS for heart disease?

A

can depend on MANY FACTORS;
- pt’s own PERSONAL HABITS
- tobacco use
- substance use
- nutrition status/diet/weight
- amount of exercise
- medications

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15
Q

definition of HYPERTENSION

A
  • can be referred to as HTN, HBP
  • the force of blood flowing
    through your blood vessels, is
    consistently too high.
  • can be a big factor in developing HEART ATTACK, STROKE, other threats
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16
Q

what are the NORMAL & HYPERTENSIVE FINDINGS for BP?

A

NORMAL:
less than 120/less than 80

ELEVATED:
120-129/less than 80

HBP STAGE 1:
130-139/80-89

HBP STAGE 2:
140-149/90+

HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS:
180+/120+

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17
Q

definition of a HEART ATTACK

A

occurs when the oxygen is not PROPERLY SUPPLIED to the heart

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18
Q

common symptoms of HEART ATTACK

A

can vary;
- chest pain/discomfort
- SOB
- pain in arms/back/shoulders/jaw
- lightheadedness

**can BE DIFFERENT FOR WOMEN
- some may think it was just chest pain or tightness
- have tightness of the JAW *referred pain

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19
Q

what are part of the PHYSICAL EXAM are used during heart examination?

A
  • INSPECTION
  • PALPATION
  • AUSCULTATION
20
Q

precordium

A
  • the area of the chest that overlies the heart
21
Q

what do we INSPECT FOR heart & neck vessel assessment?

A
  • looking for our APICAL IMPULSE/PMI **point of maximal pulse
  • any abnormal PULSATIONS, HEAVES, or LIFTS
  • observe JUGULAR VENOUS PRESSURE/PULSE
  • any DISTENSION in the NECK VESSELS
22
Q

what do we PALPATE FOR? for heart & neck vessel assessment

A
  • again looking and feeling for the APICAL IMPULSE
  • PMI, HEAVES, LIFTS, THRILLS
  • can also palpate the CAROTID ARTERIES
    (**ALWAYS PALPATE ONLY ONE SIDE AT A TIME–can suffocate patient if palpating both arteries at the same time)
23
Q

difference between THRILLS & BRUIT?

A

THRILLS are for PALPATION–give a sense of VIBRATION
- can be an indication of TURBULENCE in blood flow

BRUITS are for AUSCULTATION–give off a RUSHING SOUND
- can be an indication of blood rushing around a BLOCKAGE

24
Q

what is a HEAVE/LIFT?

A

this is where the heart is beating so hard–fingers start moving up from the vibrations giving off

a sustained, abnormal outward movement of the precordium that can be felt or seen

25
Q

how do we palpate the PERICORDIUM?

A
  • always using the PALMAR ASPECT OF THE FOUR FINGERS to feel for any pulsations/vibrations/thrills
26
Q

what are the NORMAL & EXTRA HEART SOUNDS & ABNORMAL HEART SOUNDS?

A

NORMAL HEART SOUNDS:
typically consist of our “lub dub” S1, S2
typically consist of S3, S4

ABNORMAL HEART SOUNDS:
consist of heart murmurs, gallops, mitral snaps, ejection clicks, friction rubs

27
Q

why could a heart be having an IRREGULAR RHYTHM

A
  • can be an indication of SINUS ARRHYTHMIA or a variation in HR
28
Q

what is S1? what does “LUB” indicate?

A

indication of the ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES CLOSING
- **this is where we have VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION
- the AV VALVES CLOSE in order to prevent BACKFLOW of that BLOOD
- = FIRST HEART SOUND (S1) “LUB”

29
Q

what is S2? what does “DUB” stand for?

A
  • this is where our SEMILUNAR VALVES are closing
  • = SECOND HEART SOUND (S2) “DUB”
    • A2 [AORTIC VALVE CLOSING]
    • P2 [PULMONIC VALVE CLOSING]
30
Q

what is the step-by-step process of auscultating the heart ?

A
  1. want to lie the pt. onto a SUPINE POSITION
  2. listening in a SYSTEMIC MANNER–from the base moving down to the apex
  3. identifying each heart sound separately
  4. turning on the LEFT SIDE – allows to hear murmurs & S3 more easily
31
Q

what are the FIVE AREAS OF AUSCULTATING THE HEART?

A
  1. AORTIC AREA
  2. PULMONIC AREA
  3. ERB’S POINT
  4. TRICUSPID AREA
  5. MITRAL AREA

**APE TO MAN !! :D

32
Q

aortic valve area location

A

the SECOND RIGHT INTERCOSTAL SPACE at the RIGHT STERNAL BORDER

33
Q

pulmonic valve area location

A

the SECOND LEFT INTERCOSTAL SPACE at the LEFT STERNAL BORDER

34
Q

erb’s point/second pulmonic area location

A

the THIRD LEFT INTERCOSTAL SPACE at the LEFT STERNAL BORDER

35
Q

tricuspid area location

A

the FOURTH LEFT INTERCOSTAL SPACE at the LOWER LEFT STERNAL BORDER

36
Q

mitral / apical area

A

at the APEX OF THE HEART in the FIFTH LEFT INTERCOSTAL SPACE at the MIDCLAVICULAR LINE

37
Q

definition of HEART MURMURS

A

turbulent blood flow with a swooshing or blowing sound during auscultation

38
Q

what are the CONDITIONS that contribute to heart murmurs?

A
  • INCREASED BLOOD VELOCITY
  • STRUCTURAL VALVE DEFECTS
  • VALVE MALFUNCTION
  • ABNORMAL CHAMBER OPENINGS
39
Q

how do we assess for EXTRA HEART SOUNDS?

A
  • better to switch to the BELL and auscultate within the areas
  • use of a LEFT LATERAL POSITION
40
Q

definition of S3

A

a ventricular filling sound
occurring in early diastole with rapid filling

41
Q

definition of S4

A

late ventricular filling sound
occurring with atrial contraction; often heard in late diastole

42
Q

definition of HEART FAILURE

A
  • the heart is not PUMPING WELL
  • used to describe when a HEART CANNOT KEEP UP with its work load
  • not ENOUGH OXYGEN SUPPLYING THE HEART NEEDS
43
Q

congestive heart failure

A
  • type of HEART FAILURE that requires seeking timely medical attention
  • indication of plenty of FLUID BACKUP within the HEART
  • heart begins to work MORE HARD TO KEEP UP WITH HEART DEMANDS, since the heart is a MUSCLE = increase of MUSCLE MASS OCCURS **CARDIOMEGALIA
  • this decreases the amount of EFFICIENCY
44
Q

common symptoms of heart failure

A
  • greater enlargement of the heart
  • narrowing of heart BV
  • fatigue
  • SOB
  • can affect both sides of the heart; affects the left side first more often
45
Q

cyanosis

A
  • characteristic of CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS that allow the mixture of ARTERIAL & VENOUS BLOOD
  • prevents BLOOD FLOW to the lungs
46
Q

splitting

A
  • occurs when the mitral & tricuspid valves / pulmonic & aortic valves do NOT CLOSE SIMULTANEOUSLY
  • often more heart and easy to detect in younger patients
47
Q

angina pectoris

A
  • often described as a CHOKING OR PRESSURE SENSATION
  • can sometimes radiate towards the JAW and down to the LEFT/RIGHT ARM
  • often begins from too much activity, eating, cold exposure

NURS 210 (11 decks)

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