Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
what are the TYPES of MUSCLES?
- SKELETAL
- SMOOTH
- CARDIAC
describe MUSCLES
- they are UNDER CONSCIOUS CONTROL
- composed of BUNDLES OF MUSCLE FIBERS
- attached to the bone by TENDONS
internal rotation
turning TOWARD MIDLINE
external rotation
turning AWAY from MIDLINE
hyperextension
extending BEYOND anatomical position
- tipping the head backward
abduction & adduction
ABDUCTION
- AWAY from midline of body
ADDUCTION
- TOWARDS the midline of the body
rotation
moving head around the CENTRAL AXIS
protraction
moving a BODY PART FORWARD & PARALLEL to the ground
**moving lower jaw forward
retraction
moving a BODY PART BACKWARD & PARALLEL to the ground
**returning of lower jaw from forward to normal position
FLEXION & EXTENSION
FLEXION
- bending; DECREASING ANGLE OF JOINT
EXTENSION
- straightening; INCREASING ANGLE OF JOINT
PRONATION & SUPINATION
PRONATION
- TURNING FOREARM with PALM DOWN
SUPINATION
- TURN FOREARM with PALM UP
circumduction
moving arm in a CIRCLE around the shoulder
INVERSION & EVERSION
INVERSION
- moving sole of foot INWARD at the ankle
EVERSION
- moving sole of foot OUTWARD at the ankle
elevation
raising a body part
depression
lowering a body part
what are OUR TYPE OF JOINTS?
FIBROUS JOINTS – IMMOVABLE JOINTS
(ex. sutures in the skull)
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS – SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS
(ex. vertebrae)
SYNOVIAL JOINTS – FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS
(ex. the extremities)
what to CONSIDER IN OLDER ADULTS – MS SYSTEM?
- greater loss of SUBQ fat & muscle
- greater loss of LIGAMENT & TENDON ELASTICITY
- SLOWER MOVEMENTS
- greater loss of MUSCLE MASS & STRENGTH
- often a more EXAGGERATED THORACIC CURVE (KYPHOSIS)
what ORDER / components make up a MUSCULOSKELETAL EXAM?
- INSPECTION
looking at SIZE & CONTOUR + pain + posture - PALPATION
TEMP. + ABNORMAL AREAS/ARTICULATIONS
**very important to COMPARE SIDES during an MSK EXAM
**testing the UNAFFECTED SIDE FIRST
**looking at SYMMETRY
active range of motion
where the patient performs the exercise to move the joint WITHOUT any assistance to the muscles surrounding the joint
passive range of motion
where the THERAPIST or RN or the EQUIPMENT moves the joint through the range of motion/ NO EFFORT from the patient
what is EXPECTED during ROM EXERCISES?
- should be SMOOTH & QUIET MOTION
- should hear NO CREPITUS/NO STIFFNESS/NO PAIN
describe the MUSCLE STRENGTH SCALE
5 - NORMAL STRENGTH
4 - there is MOVEMENT vs. RESISTANCE/less than normal
3 - there is MOVEMENT vs. GRAVITY but not against RESISTANCE
2 - there is MOVEMENT at the JOINT but not against GRAVITY
1 - there is VISIBLE MUSCLE MOVEMENT but NO MOVEMENT at the JONIT
0 - NO MUSCULAR CONTRACTION
definition of KYPHOSIS
- the FORWARD ROUNDING of the SPINE
- characterized by HUMP or CURVE on the LOWER BACK
- often caused by OSTEOPOROSIS
- often have PAIN & STIFFNESS in the shoulders
definition of SCOLIOSIS
- the SIDEWAYS CURVING OF THE SPINE in a C or S SHAPE
- often due to LACK OF PROPER DEVELOPMENT of ONE VERTEBRAE
- often can have MISALIGNMENT of the PELVIS & HIPS / numbness or weakness in the LEGS
definition of LORDOSIS
- the INWARD CURVING OF THE SPINE towards the FRONT OF THE BODY
- often is due to WEAK ABDOMINAL MUSCLES
- can see the HEAD/NECK leaning forward more
- often have NECK/LOWER BACK PAIN
definition of GOUTY ARTHRITIS
- a FORM OF ARTHRITIS resulting from CHRONICALLY ELEVATED SERUM URIC ACID
- often have INFLAMMATION of the great toe, wrist, hands, ankles, or knees
- want to ASSESS for Hx of HBP + CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
definition of OSTEOMYELITIS
- is an INFECTION OF THE BONE that often CAUSES INFLAMMATION & SWELLING
- often can see PAIN, TENDERNESS, EDEMA, FEVER, or LIMPING
definition of OSTEOARTHRITIS
- the DETERIORATION of the articular cartilage covering the ends of bone in the SYNOVIAL JOINTS
- often can see ENLARGEMENT of JOINTS +ARTICULAR PAIN + difficulty in ROM + MUSCLE WEAKNESS
definition of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
- a type of CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER of the synovial tissue surrounding the joints
- often characterized by JOINT DEFORMITY + STIFFNESS + lack of ROM + RED/SWOLLEN AREAS
what is the DIFFERENCE between OA vs. RA?
OA
more of your typical “wear & tear” of the cartilage–more of a degenerative condition
- typically just targets an ISOLATED JOINT
RA
more of an AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER where the synovial tissue is attacked
- targets SEVERAL JOINTS AT ONE TIME
- can see other factors like fevers, anemia, loss of appetite etc…
definition of OSTEOPOROSIS
- WEAK & BRITTLE BONES due to insufficient bone formation
- have the DECREASE IN BONE MASS & loss of BONE DENSITY
- very susceptible to OLDER ADULTS - due to loss of bone density as we age –fractures, etc…
- can see a CHANGE IN POSTURE or HEIGHT / WEIGHT LOSS
how do we EDUCATE our patients about OSTEOPOROSIS/how to prevent?
- want a NUTRITIOUS DET with proper CALCIUM INTAKE
- want to have REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- avoid MALNUTRITION and SECOND-HAND SMOKE
- get a regular amount of VITAMIN D
definition of MUSCLE STRAIN
excessive stretching or forceful contraction beyond the muscle’s functional capacity
