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NURS 210 > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

what does the ABDOMEN contain?

A
  • all of our DIGESTIVE ORGANS;
  • stomach
  • SMALL & LARGE intestines
  • pancreas
  • liver, gb
  • kidneys
  • spleen
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2
Q

what are the IMPORTANT BLOOD VESSELS that travel through the ABDOMEN?

A
  • the AORTA & INFERIOR VENA CAVA
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3
Q

what are the FOUR QUADRANTS of the ABDOMEN?

A
  • RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT (RUQ)
  • RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT (RLQ)
  • LEFT LOWER QUADRANT (LLQ)
  • LEFT UPPER QUADRANT (LUQ)
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4
Q

what are the NINE REGIONS typically used?

A
  • EPIGASTRIC (R/L HYPOCHONDRIAC REGIONS)
  • UMBILICAL (R/L LUMBAR REGIONS)
  • HYPOGASTRIC/SUPRAPUBIC (R/L ILIAC/INGUINAL REGIONS)
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5
Q

what ORGANS are in the RUQ?

A
  • ASCENDING & TRANSVERSE COLON
  • DUODENUM
  • GALLBLADDER
  • HEPATIC FLEXURE OF COLON
  • LIVER
  • PANCREATIC HEAD
  • PYLORUS
  • RIGHT ADRENAL GLAND
  • RIGHT KIDNEY
  • RIGHT URETER
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6
Q

what ORGANS are in the LUQ?

A
  • LEFT ADRENAL GLAND
  • LEFT KIDNEY
  • LEFT URETER
  • PANCREAS, SPLEEN, STOMACH
  • TRANSVERSE DESCENDING COLON
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7
Q

what ORGANS are in the RLQ?

A
  • APPENDIX
  • ASCENDING COLON, CECUM
  • RIGHT KIDNEY
  • RIGHT OVARY & TUBE
  • RIGHT URETER
  • RIGHT SPERMATIC CORD
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8
Q

what ORGANS are in the LLQ?

A
  • LEFT KIDNEY
  • LEFT OVARY & TUBE
  • LEFT URETER
  • LEFT SPERMATIC CORD
  • DESCENDING & SIGMOID COLON
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9
Q

what is the ABDOMINAL VASCULATURE and its STRUCTURES?

A
  • KIDNEYS
  • AORTA
  • INFERIOR VENA CAVA
  • ILIAC ARTERIES/VEINS
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10
Q

what are some SUBJECTIVE DATA assessments for the ABDOMEN?

A
  • appetite changes
  • weight changes
  • dysphagia
  • N & V
  • bowel habit changes
  • abdominal pain
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11
Q

what do we do if the patient has ABDOMINAL PAIN?

A
  • want to ask the patient the EXACT LOCATION OF THE PAIN
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12
Q

how can ABDOMINAL PAIN be classified as?

A
  • VISCERAL PAIN
  • PARIETAL PAIN
  • REFERRED PAIN
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13
Q

definition of VISCERAL PAIN

A
  • DULL + CRAMPY + SQUEEZING + ACHING PAIN
  • can be either CONSTANT or INTERMITTENT
  • often located over an ABDOMINAL ORGAN
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14
Q

definition of PARIETAL PAIN

A
  • often from INFLAMMATION OVER THE PERITONEUM
  • can be typically INTENSE, CONSTANT, and on ONE SIDE
  • often is AGGRAVATED by the LOWER EXTREMITY EXTENSION, COUGHING, eliciting REBOUND TENDERNESS
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15
Q

definition of REFERRED PAIN

A
  • typically is VISCERAL PAIN often felt in ANOTHER AREA of the body when a COMMON NERVE PATHWAY IS SHARED
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16
Q

definition of CONSTIPATION

A
  • is known as LESS THAN 3 BOWEL MOVEMENTS PER WEEK
  • often see STRAINING / HARD STOOL
  • often is CAUSED BY;
    diet, meds, fluid, obstruction, & narcotics
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17
Q

definition of DIARRHEA

A
  • is known as MORE THAN 3-4 STOOLS/DAY
  • often can be LIQUID
  • is caused by MEDS, INFECTIOUS AGENTS, DISEASE PROCESS, DIET
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18
Q

what to REMEMBER WHILE PREPARING the PATIENT?

A
  • want the PATIENT TO EMPTY their BLADDER
  • want the PATIENT IN A SUPINE POSITION
  • proper DRAPING of the patient
19
Q

what is the ORDER OF ABDOMINAL ASSESSMENT?

A
  • INSPECTION
  • AUSCULTATION
  • PERCUSSION
  • PALPATION

** want to AUSCULTATE FIRST before palpation

20
Q

what to do during INSPECTION during the abdominal physical exam?

A
  • specific SKIN CHARACTERISTICS
  • symmetry
  • any presence of MASSES, HERNIA, or SEPARATION OF MUSCLES
  • STRAIE or SCARS
  • symmetrical breathing
21
Q

what to do during AUSCULTATION during the abdominal physical exam?

A
  • want to use DIAPHRAGM to hear BOWEL SOUNDS; bruits over aortic, renal, iliac, femoral arteries
  • starting at the RLQ and GO CLOCKWISE
22
Q

why do we use PERCUSSION during the abdominal assessment?

A
  • want to hear TONE in all four quadrants
  • can help to estimate SPAN OF THE LIVER
  • can help to differentiate between FLUID vs. AIR
23
Q

what to do during PALPATION of the abdomen?

A
  • can do different ranges of palpation; LIGHT, MODERATE, & DEEPLY PALPATE
  • important to feel for BULGES & MASSES/feel various MARGINS of the abdominal organs
  • always PALPATING AREA OF PAIN LAST
24
Q

what is NORMAL to hear during AUSCULTATION? how long do we hear BOWEL SOUNDS?

A
  • documentation; NORMAL, HYPERACTIVE, HYPOACTIVE, or ABSENT
  • sounds; around every 5 - 15 seconds
25
Q

definition of LOUD PROLONGED GURGLES

A

known as BORBORYGMI
- stomach growling

26
Q

definition of INCREASED BOWEL SOUNDS

A

can be an INDICATION of;
- GASTROENTERITIS
- INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
- HUNGER

27
Q

definition of HIGH-PITCHED TINKLING

A

can be an INDICATION of;
- INTESTINAL FLUID
- AIR UNDER PRESSURE (OBSTRUCTION)

28
Q

definition of DECREASED BOWEL SOUNDS

A

can be an INDICATION of;
- PERITONITIS
- PARALYTIC ILEUS

29
Q

definition of ABSENT BOWEL SOUNDS

A

can be an INDICATION of;
- ABDOMINAL PAIN/RIGIDITY
- SURGICAL EMERGENCY

30
Q

bruit

A

listened with the BELL of the stethoscope
- HARSH/MUSICAL INTERMITTENT SOUND

31
Q

what is the AVERAGE LIVER SPAN?

A

6 - 12 cm (2.5 - 4.5 inches)

32
Q

other tips to REMEMBER during PERCUSSION

A
  • tympany; AIR
  • dullness; ORGANS or MASSES
    ** DO NOT PERCUSS SPLEEN IF THERE IS A SPLEEN INURY - can RUPTURE
33
Q

definition of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE

A

backward flow of gastric contents–typically acidic into the esophagus

34
Q

definition of IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME

A

a type of FUNCTIONAL CHRONIC GI DISORDER with symptoms of pain & change in STOOLING PATTERN

35
Q

definition of PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

A
  • the presence of HELICOBACTER PYLORI
  • often caused by either EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL INTAKE or NSAIDS/SMOKING
36
Q

definition of HEPATITIS

A

type of INFLAMMATORY PROCESS characterized by DIFFUSE or PATCHY HEPATOCELLULAR NECROSIS

37
Q

definition of CHOLELITHIASIS

A

type of STONE FORMATION in the GALLBLADDER–often due to HIGH CONCENTRATION OF BILE and produce CRYSTALS

38
Q

definition of CHOLECYSTITIS

A

type of INFLAMMATORY PROCESS of the GALLBLADDER
- often due to OBSTRUCTION OF THE CYSTIC DUCT from CHOLELITHIASIS

39
Q

what are the SIGNS & SYMPTOMS of CHOLECYSTITIS?

A
  • have SEVERE PAIN in the RUQ
  • often can see N &V, LOSS OF APPETITE, FEVER
  • can also see TENDERNESS in the abdomen
  • want to look for any DISTENSION or STIFFNESS on the right side–often can see LOSS OF BREATHING with palpation on the right side
40
Q

appendicitis

A

the INFLAMMATION of the appendix

41
Q

signs and symptoms of APPENDICITIS

A
  • have SEVERE PAIN in the RLQ
  • SWELLING + LOSS OF APPETITE
  • N & V
  • constipation or diarrhea
  • fever/inability to pass gas
42
Q

aortic aneurysm

A

type of BALLOON-LIKE BULDGES found in the AORTA
- often can palpate or see PULSATION or THROBBING on affected area around the stomach
- SOB
- pain in chest or abdomen area
- swelling in the upper portion or extremities

43
Q

definition of ASCITES

A

ABDOMINAL SWELLING due to the ACCUMULATION of FREE FLUID in the peritoneal cavity

44
Q

ascites signs and symptoms

A
  • distended abdomen
  • a PROTRUDING or displaced ABDOMEN
  • BULGING FLANKS
  • dyspnea
  • sudden weight gain
  • abdominal pain

NURS 210 (11 decks)

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