Eyes

Question 1

lacrimal apparatus

Answer 1

consists of TEAR (LACRIMAL) GLANDS & DUCTS

Question 2

what CN NERVES INNERVATE THE EYE?

Answer 2

• CN II OPTIC
• CN III OCULOMOTOR
• CN IV TROCHLEAR
• CN VI ABDUCENS

Question 3

what are the EYE’s EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES?

Answer 3

• SUPERIOR RECTUS
• INFERIOR RECTUS
• LATERAL RECTUS
• MEDIAL RECTUS
• SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
• INFERIOR OBLIQUE

Question 4

describe DIRECT & CONSENSUAL LIGHT REFLEX

Answer 4

where if we were to flash light in only ONE of your eyes, reflex should be CONSENSUAL
- still have BOTH EYES CONSTRICT
- direct response; eye where the light is directed – pupil was able to CONSTRICT

Question 5

what are SOME DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES that have occurred in the EYE as we grow older ?

Answer 5

• loss of ELASTICITY/less padding around the eye
• decrease in PUPIL SIZE
• LACRIMAL GLAND INVOLUTE - decreased tear production
• loss of LENS ELASTICITY
• THICKENED/YELLOWING OF LEBS - cataracts
• diminished VISUAL ACUITY

Question 6

presbyopia

Answer 6

gradual VISION LOSS; due to decreased ELASTICITY of the LENS – harder to accommodate for near vision

Question 7

what are some VISION ISSUES?

Answer 7

• eyelids (PTOSIS - upper eyelid droops over the eye)
• DOUBLE VISION
• LOSS OF VISION
• TRAUMA
• COLORBLINDNESS (often affects males more)

Question 8

what are some PMH to be aware of?

Answer 8

• any ALLERGIES
• HT/ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIO. DISEASE
• DM
• GLAUCOMA
• IBD **causes greater straining/pressure on the eye blood vessels
• HIV
• THYROID ISSUES

Question 9

retinoblastoma

Answer 9

known as RETINAL CANCER

Question 10

what does the SNELLEN CHART test for? what does the JAEGER TEST for?

Answer 10

SC - farsightedness
J - nearsightedness

Question 11

how do we test for PERIPHERAL VISION?

Answer 11

use the CONFRONTATION TEST

Question 12

cataract

Answer 12

an OPACITY of the NORMALLY CLEAR LENS
- often results from AGING, METABOLIC DISORDERS, TRAUMA, or HEREDITY

Question 13

which tests do we use for EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE FXN?

Answer 13

• corneal light reflex
• diagnostic positions test/extraocular movements

Question 14

how do we test PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEXES?

Answer 14

• direct pupil response
• consensual response
• accommodation

Question 15

how do we READ SNELLEN CHART RESULTS?

Answer 15

expressed as a FRACTION;
NUMERATOR;
the distance in feet from the chart

DENOMINATOR;
the distance a normal person can read the same line

ex. 20/40
need to be 20 feet away just to see the line that people can often see at 40 feet away

Question 16

rosenbaum/jaeger test

Answer 16

using a HANDHELD TEST for NEAR VISION; holding card 14 inches away from the eyes

Question 17

what CN does the EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE FUNCTION TESTS observe?

Answer 17

• CN III OCULOMOTOR
• CN IV TROCHLEAR
• CN VI ABDUCENS
  **using the SIX CARDINAL FIELDS OF GAZE

Question 18

nystagmus

Answer 18

where eye continues to TWITCH BACK & FORTH; CN dysfunction

Question 19

strabismus

Answer 19

crossed eyes

Question 20

corneal light reflex test

Answer 20

checking PARALLEL ALIGNMENT of the eyes
- looking straight ahead
- light should be at the SAME SPOT on both eyes

Question 21

what is the difference between CN II & III?

Answer 21

II - looks at the SENSATION OF VISION
III - looks at PARASYMPATHETIC CONTROL of the LENS + PUPIL

Question 22

what happens if the patient has FIXED and DILATED PUPILS?

Answer 22

indication of possible DRUG ABUSE/death imminent

Question 23

definition of PERRLA

Answer 23

Pupils Equal Round Reactive to Light & Accommodation

Question 24

normal findings for the ACCOMMODATION TEST

Answer 24

far vision - pupils should dilate
near vision - pupils should constrict

**testing CN III

Question 25

definition of GLAUCOMA

Answer 25

specific disease that damages the eye’s OPTIC NERVE
- often due to FLUID BUILD UP
- can begin to have PERIPHERAL BLIND SPOTS

risk factors;
- past EYE INJURY
- over AGE 40
- family history of glaucoma
- far/near sighted
- African, Hispanic, or Asian heritage
- steroid meds

Question 26

macular degeneration

Answer 26

is the LEADING CAUSE of VISION LOSS in 50+ patients
- loss of CENTRAL VISION/cannot see FINE DETAILS
- have DAMAGE in the MACULA

risk factors;
- 50+
- higher fat comp.
- obese
- HT
- family history of AMD
- smoking