Skin Disorders Flashcards
where is vitamin D3 synthesized?
epidermis
What layer of skin is fat stored in?
dermis
What are petechiae?
Pinpoint, tiny, and sharp circumscribed spots in the superficial layers of the epidermis
What are common primary lesions for pediatric patients?
macules, papules, and vesicles
What causes a secondary lesion?
rubbing, scratching, medication, or involution and healing
What do the words discrete, clustered, diffuse, or confluent refer to?
configuration and arrangement of skin lesions
What are 5 reasons that skin lesions can occur?
contact with injurious agents, hereditary factors, external factors, systemic diseases, age related
What are age-related skin lesions for infants?
birthmarks, diaper dermatitis
What are age-related skin lesions for early childhood?
atopic dermatitis and viral illness
What is a common age-related skin lesion for school-age children?
ringworm
What are age-related skin lesions for adolescents?
acne and contact dermatitis
What are two types of bacterial infections?
impetigo contagiosa and cellulitis
4 common viral infections
Communicable viral diseases of childhood
Warts
HSV
Molluscum contagiosum
Two common types of fungal infections
Tinea (capitis, corporis, pedis)
Candidiasis
What kind of infection is impetigo contagiosa?
staphylococcus infection
What is a classic sign of bacterial impetigo contagiosa?
honey colored crusts
Where are impetigo lesions normally found?
around the mouth and nose
Who typically contracts impetigo?
preschoolers and toddlers
How can impetigo be treated?
topical antibiotics or oral antibiotics if it is severe
Why are small children more susceptible to impetigo?
they more often pick and have their hands around their face
What is bacterial cellulitis?
Inflammation of skin and subcutaneous tissues with intense redness, swelling, and firm infiltration
What organisms cause cellulitis?
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Haemophilis influenzae
How can cellulitis be treated?
oral/IV antibiotics, warm, moist compress to the area, and/or a penrose drain
What may facial cellulitis be associated with?
otitis media
What are warts?
Well-circumscribed, gray or brown, elevated, firm papules with a roughened, finely papillomatous texture
What organism causes warts?
HPV
What age group are warts common in?
children
What is HSV?
cold sore, fever blister (type 1); genital (type 2)
When do HSV blisters typically resolove?
about 8-10 days
What is a treatment to shorten the duration/severity of lesions caused by HSV?
oral and topical antivirals
Where is HSV typically found?
near mucocutaneous junctions
What causes molluscum contagiosum?
poxvirus
What does molluscum contagiosum look like?
small pearly, flesh-colored papules, 2-5mm
When is molluscum contagiosum common?
In childhood
What are some treatments for molluscum contagiosum?
Cryotherapy
Topical creams or ointments
Laser therapy
Curettage
Cimetidine
What may be the best treatment for molluscum contagiosum?
Leaving the lesions alone
How quickly do fungal infections multiply?
At the same rate as keratin
How can fungal infections be transmitted?
human to human or animal to human
Where are fungal infections confined to?
the dead keratin layers
How can a fungal infection be diagnosed?
clincal, scraping exam, KOH, fungal culture
What does tinea capitis present with?
Lesion on scalp, may extend to hairline and neck
Characteristic scaly patches of alopecia with itching
What type of infection is tinea capitis?
fungal
How can tinea capitis be treated?
griseofulvin, selenium sulfide shampoo, topical antifungal
What kind of plaques are present with tinea capitis?
Boggy edematous painful plaque called a kerion
How is griseofulvin best absorbed?
with fatty foods
What is tinea corporis?
ringworm
What does ringworm present with?
round, scaly patch of rough erythema
How can tinea corpis be treated?
griseofulvin and/or topical antifungal
What is contact dermatitis?
Inflammatory reaction of skin to chemical agent
Allergic and irritant
Perfumes, jewelry, plants, animals, and more
What are examples of contact dermatitis?
diaper dermatitis, reaction to wool, reaction to plants
How can contact dermatitis be treated?
topical corticosteroids or oral for more severe cases
Cold compresses
Calamine lotion
Lotion, ointment
Avoid irritating agent
What is scabies caused by?
scabies mite as female burrows into stratus corneum of epidermis to deposit eggs and feces
When does inflammation typically occur with scabies?
30-60 days after infestation
What does scabies present with?
minute grayish, brown, threadlike, pruritic lesions
Where does scabies typically manifest in children <2? >2?
Children >2 years – primarily hands and wrists
Children <2 years – primarily feet and ankles
How is scabies treated?
topical scabicides, permethrin 5% cream
How does laundry need to be done if someone was diagnosed with scabies? Why?
Hot water laundry, dry clean, bag for 72 hours. Generally don’t survive past 2-3 days off the skin.
What is pediculosis capitis?
head lice
How long can adult louse live with no human host?
48 hours
How long does it take for nits to hatch once they are laid?
7-10 days
Where is head lice typically found?
occipital, behind ears, and nape of neck
What is the treatment and management of pediculosis capitis?
Pediculicide and manual removal of nits
Permetherine 1% cream rinse (Nix)
Second treatment 7-10 days after first
Do children have to stay home if they get head lice?
No. They can go to school
What kind of isolation is required in the hospital for a patient with head lice?
contact isolation, bunny suit, hair net and shoe coverings
How should laundry be done if a patient has head lice?
hot water, dry cleaning, bag for 2 weeks, vacuum
Which bites/stings will inject deadly venom into the human?
scorpions and two spiders (brown recluse and black widow)
How quickly do bee stingers need to be removed?
ASAP
What is the most common tickborne disorder in the US?
lyme disease
What does Lyme disease present with?
causes a red donut shaped or bull’s eye rash- annular erythema
Where do ticks typically live?
in wooded areas
What causes rocky mountain spotted fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii
How long do ticks need to be attached to transmit rocky mountain spotted fever?
1-2 hours
What causes lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
What is the treatment for lyme disease, based on age?
Children older than 8 years, oral doxycycline; children younger than 8 years, oral amoxicillin
What are common irritants that cause irritant diaper dermatitis?
urine and feces
Where does irritant diaper dermatitis normally involve?
Convex surfaces
Buttocks
Genitalia
Lower abdomen
Upper thighs
What is the treatment for fungal diaper dermatitis?
Nystatin cream or other topical antifungal
What is atopic dermatitis?
eczema
What is eczema commonly associated with?
Asthma
Allergic rhinitis
Food allergies
Family history
Where are the common sites for eczema?
Antecubital
Popliteal
Scalp
Face
Cheeks
Extensor surfaces
What is the therapeutic management of eczema?
Controlled but not cured
Hydrate the skin
Lotions and emollients
Relieve pruritus
Reduce flare-ups or inflammation
Eliminate potential irritants
Topical steroids
Prevent and control secondary infection
May have remissions and exacerbations
Dietary modifications
Where does seborrheic dermatitis typically occur?
on the scalp
What is seborrheic dermatitis?
cradle cap
What is the cause of seborrheic dermatitis?
Exact cause unknown, seen more in infancy when sebum production is increased
What is the treatment for seborrheic dermatitis?
Hygiene
Soak and remove crusts
Antiseborrheic shampoo (sulfur and salicylic acid)
