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NURS 366 > Pediatric Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Pediatric Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary prevention for infectious diseases?

A

Immunizations

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2
Q

What is important when an infectious disease outbreak occurs?

A

Identify it quickly and attempt to prevent the spread

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3
Q

What are 5 things to assess when a child is admitted with an illness that could be an infectious disease?

A

Recent exposure to known case
Prodromal symptoms- Symptoms that occur as early manifestation
Constitutional symptoms- Fever or rash
Immunization history
History of disease

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4
Q

What is the goal of controlling the spread of an infectious disease?

A

prevent cross-contamination between patients and to healthcare workers

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5
Q

What is the most important step in preventing the spread of illness?

A

handwashing

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6
Q

What are 4 general hygiene measures?

A

bathing, linen changes, cleaning patient rooms, universal precautions

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7
Q

What are 4 reasons that someone may be immunocompromised?

A

steroid therapy, immunosuppresive therapy, cancer, immune disorder

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8
Q

If a patient presents to the ER with an itchy rash, what are comfort measures that the parents should be aware of when caring for the child?

A

the patient should be taking cool baths, avoiding overheating, wear loose, non-irritating clothing, and use anti-itch medications and lotions

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9
Q

If a child has an itchy rash, and the parent wants to give the child a bath, is it okay to give the child a warm, soapy bath?

A

No. The child needs to have a cool bath and cannot use soap

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10
Q

What are two medications that can be used to relieve itching for rashes?

A

diphenhydramine (benadryl) and hydroxyzine (atarax)

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11
Q

What drug may be administered for daytime urticaria?

A

loratadine, cetirizine, and fexofenadine

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12
Q

A child with an illness that has an itchy rash is being discharged, the mother explains to you that she understands that the child should take cool baths, wear long sleeves, be on strict bed rest, and take diphenhydramine during the day if the itching gets too severe. What does this mother need additional teaching on?

A

the child needs to take cool baths and diphenhydramine is not the first choice of antihistamine during the day, because it may make the child drowsy

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13
Q

What are the six diseases of childhood?

A

1 measles, #2 scarlet fever, #3 rubella, #5 erythema infectiosum, and #6 roseola infantum

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14
Q

What are the communicable diseases of childhood?

A

Chickenpox (Varicella)
Diphtheria
Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)
Exanthem Subitum (Roseola Infantum)
Mumps
Measles (Rubeola)
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Poliomyelitis
Rubella (German Measles)
Scarlet Fever

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15
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

enters body by direct contact of respiratory droplets into the mucous membranes

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16
Q

When should the MMR vaccine series begin?

A

12 months

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17
Q

When was the first MMR vaccine available?

A

1963

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18
Q

What are koplik spots associated with?

A

measles

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19
Q

A patient presents to the ER with fever and malaise along with small, irregular red spots with minute bluish white centers on the buccal mucosa. What is an initial assessment that needs to be done when these findings are seen? Why?

A

Check MMR vaccination status, as these are classic symptoms of measles

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20
Q

When will a rash appear when a patient contracts measles?

A

3-4 days after the onset of the prodromal stage

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21
Q

Where does exanthem begin in a patient that contracts measles?

A

starts on the face and spreads down the body

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22
Q

What medication is used to treat measles?

A

there is no medication that will cure measles

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23
Q

How long must isolation be maintained in a measles patient?

A

until the fifth day of the rash

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24
Q

What is used to clean eyelids on a patient with measles?

A

A warm saline solution to remove secretions or crusts

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25
Q

What can be used to manage a cough that accompanies measles?

A

cool-mist vaporizer

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26
Q

What is the treatment plan for a patient with measles?

A

Symptomatic and supportive
Airborne isolation precautions
Bed rest
Antipyretics
Eye care
Cough
Skin care

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27
Q

What is the causative agent of scarlet fever?

A

group a beta-hemolytic streptococci

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28
Q

How is scarlet fever transmitted?

A

direct contact with an infected person or droplet spread
indirectly by contact with contaminated articles or ingestion of contaminated milk or other food.

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29
Q

What is a white strawberry tongue associated with?

A

Scarlet fever

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30
Q

What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?

A

Abrupt high fever
Enlarged tonsils
White strawberry tongue–>red strawberry tongue
Exanthem known as scarlatina

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31
Q

What medications are administered for scarlet fever?

A

penicillin, erythromycin, or oral cephalosporin

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32
Q

Complications of scarlet fever

A

peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscess, sinusitis, otitis media, acute glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, polyarthritis

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33
Q

How is rubella spread?

A

respiratory droplets or direct contact

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34
Q

Why is it important to receive the MMR either before or after pregnancy, but not during?

A

rubella is teratogenic to the fetus

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35
Q

What birth defects can rubella cause?

A

deafness, cataracts, heart defects, mental deficit, and liver and spleen damage

36
Q

Classic symptoms of rubella

A

rash that spreads from face to the rest of the body accompanied by a low-grade fever

37
Q

How long is the incubation period of rubella?

A

2-3 weeks

38
Q

How often does rubella manifest when it has been contracted?

A

~50% of the time

39
Q

Hallmark symptom of rubella

A

symmetrical lymphadenopathy, mainly occipital or postauricular

40
Q

How is rubella treated?

A

antipyretics and analgesics

41
Q

What is erythema infectiosum also known as?

A

5ths disease

42
Q

What is the causative agent of erythema infectiosum?

A

Human parovirus B19

43
Q

How is erythema infectiosum spread?

A

contact and respiratory droplets, mainly respiratory secretions

44
Q

When is a person no longer infected after contracting erythema infectiosum?

A

after the onset of the rash

45
Q

What kind of symptoms are seen with erythema infectiosum?

A

flu-like symptoms

46
Q

Where will exanthum be found with erythema infectiosum?

A

proximal extremities and has a “slapped cheek” appearance

47
Q

What is the treatment for erythema infectiosum?

A

Symptomatic and supportive
Analgesics
Antipyretics

48
Q

What disease presents with a 3 phase exanthem?

A

erythema infectiosum

49
Q

What is another name for roseola infantum?

A

the 3-day fever

50
Q

What is the causative agent of roseola infantum?

A

human herpes type 6 or 7; HHV-6 or HHV-7

51
Q

How is roseola infantum spread?

A

unknown causes

52
Q

Of children with HHV-6, how many cases manifest to roseola?

A

20%

53
Q

What are the symptoms of roseola infantum?

A

Persistent high fever 3-4 days
Otherwise well appearing
Fever breaks and rash occurs
Discrete macular and maculopapular rash
Rash starts on trunk and spreads to neck, face, and extremities

54
Q

What is the treatment for roseola infantum?

A

antipyretics to treat fever

55
Q

What is the causative agent of chickenpox?

A

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV); Human herpes type 3 (HHV-3)

56
Q

How is chickenpox spread?

A

direct contact, airborne, and contaminated objects

57
Q

What happens during the prodromal phase of varicella?

A

fever, malaise, anorexia

58
Q

Rash phases for varicella

A

macule–> papule–> vesicle–> crust

59
Q

When is someone with varicella contagious?

A

1-2 days prior to the onset of symptoms

60
Q

How do varicella lesions typically spread?

A

appear first at the hairline and spread cranial to caudal

61
Q

What are complications associated with varicella?

A

secondary infection, encephalitis, pneumonia, Hemorrhagic varicella, Chronic or transient thrombocytopenia

62
Q

What is the treatment for varicella?

A

antiviral and supportive (relieve itching, skin care, and antipyretics)

63
Q

What is pertussis?

A

Whooping cough

64
Q

What is the causative agent of pertussis?

A

bordetella pertussis

65
Q

What are complications associated with pertussis?

A

Pneumonia
Otitis media
Apnea
Hemorrhage
Weight loss and dehydration
Hernias (inguinal or umbilical)
Prolapsed rectum
Syncope
Rib fractures

66
Q

How is pertussis spread?

A

droplet or direct contact

67
Q

When is pertussis most dangerous?

A

in babies, as it can cause apnea and lead to hospitalization

68
Q

What are the symptoms of pertussis?

A

Begin like URI, continues for 1-2 weeks and cough progresses
Fever
Classic high-pitched “whoop” sounding cough
Post-tussive emesis common

69
Q

How is pertussis treated?

A

antibiotic therapy, supportive cares (fluids/oxygen), and mechanical ventilation

70
Q

What causes intestinal parasites?

A

helminths (pinworms) or protozoa (giardiasis)

71
Q

What increases the risk for intestinal parasites in children?

A

attending daycare

72
Q

Why are young children especially at risk for intestinal parasites?

A

hand-mouth activity and uncontrolled fecal activity

73
Q

What is the most common helminthic infection in the United States?

A

enterobiasis pinworms

74
Q

Where do enterobiasis pinworms eggs hatch?

A

in the upper intestine

75
Q

Where do female enterobiasis pinworms lay eggs?

A

around the anus

76
Q

What are the symptoms of enterobiasis pinworms?

A

intense anal itching

77
Q

How are enterobiasis pinworms diagnosed?

A

tape test

78
Q

How long can pinworm eggs live for?

A

2-3 weeks

79
Q

What is the medication of choice to treat pinworms?

A

mebendazole (vermox)

80
Q

What are things to consider when educated parents on how to prevent reinfection of pinworms?

A

wash all clothes and bed linens in hot water, vacuum house, hand washing, short nails, dress in one-piece sleepwear, and shower instead of taking a bath

81
Q

What is the most common parasitic pathogen in the United States?

A

giardiasis

82
Q

How is giardiasis transmitted?

A

person to person, water and food, animals

83
Q

How is giardiasis diagnosed?

A

microscopic examination of stool sample

84
Q

What are common sites for urban giardiasis?

A

child care centers and institutions providing care for persons with developmental disabilities

85
Q

Common symptoms of giardiasis in infants and yound children

A

diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, failure to thrive

86
Q

What are the symptoms of giardiasis in children older than 5?

A

abdominal cramps, intermittent loose stools, constipation

87
Q

What is the treatment for giardiasis?

A

Several “zole” medications available – metronidazole (Flagyl), tinidazole (Tindamax), nitazoxanide (Alinia)
Hand washing

Very important to educate parents and care givers about sanitary practices, especially during diaper changes.

NURS 366 (29 decks)

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