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NURS 366 > Pediatric Genitourinary > Flashcards

Pediatric Genitourinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are physical signs associated with a UTI?

A

dysuria, suprapubic discomfort, hematuria, fever

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2
Q

What is considered a frequent UTI?

A

3 or more UTIs within a 6 month period

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3
Q

What does a UTI and a fever imply?

A

pyelonephritis

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4
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

inflammation of the upper urinary tract and kidneys

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5
Q

What is urosepsis?

A

febrile UTI with systemic signs of bacterial illness, blood culture reveals urinary pathogen

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6
Q

What is the most common uropathogen?

A

escherichia coli

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7
Q

What type of bacteria is escherichia coli?

A

gram-negative enteric organisms

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8
Q

Why are females more likely to get a UTI?

A

the urethra is shorter (2cm in young girls and 4cm in women)

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9
Q

What do men produce that inhibit the entry and growth or urinary pathogens?

A

prostatic secretions

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10
Q

What is the most important hose factor in the occurrence of a UTI?

A

Urinary stasis (incomplete bladder emptying)

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11
Q

Why may urinary stasis occur?

A

Vesicoureteral reflux
Anatomic abnormalities
Dysfunction of the voiding mechanism
Extrinsic or ureteral or bladder compression that may be caused by constipation

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12
Q

What is something that is important to encourage to decrease the risk of UTIs?

A

fluid intake

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13
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of a UTI in newborns/infants?

A

poor feeding, vomiting, FTT, frequent urination, straining/screaming on urination, foul-smelling urine, fever, dehydration

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14
Q

What are common clinical manifestations of a UTI in children?

A

poor appetite, vomiting, growth failure, enuresis, incontinence, frequent urination, painful urination, hematuria, fatigue, abdominal/back pain

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15
Q

How is a urinary tract infection diagnosed?

A

by detection of bacteria in urine culture

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16
Q

What may show up on a urine dipstick analysis if a UTI is present?

A

leukocyte esterase and nitrites

17
Q

Why are nitrites found in the presence of a UTI?

A

nitrates convert to nitrites in the presence of most gram-negative enteric bacteria

18
Q

What is the most common cause of false-positive UTI results in children?

A

contamination of the urine

19
Q

What are the objective of urinary tract infection treatment?

A

eliminate current infection, identify factors to reduce risk of recurrence, prevent systemic spread of infection, preserve renal function

20
Q

How is antibiotic therapy initiated for a urinary tract infection?

A

based on identification of pathogen and the child’s history of antibiotic use as well as the location of infection

21
Q

What are common antibiotics prescribed to treat UTIs?

A

Penicillins, sulfonamides, cephalosporins, nitrofuratonin (not for pyelonephritis)

22
Q

When is surgical correction done for UTIs?

A

for anatomical defects such as Primary vesicoureteral reflux or bladder neck obstruction

23
Q

What are common UTI prevention measures?

A

proper perineal hygiene, avoiding tight clothing/diapers, wearing cotton underwear vs nylon, encourage child to void frequently and not “hold” urine, encourage adequate fluid intake, avoid constipation, empty bladder completely with each void

24
Q

What is vesicoureteral reflux?

A

abnormal retrograde flow of urine from bladder into upper urinary tract

25
Q

What is primary vesicoureteral reflux?

A

congenitally abnormal insertion of ureters into the bladder

26
Q

What is secondary vesicoureteral reflux?

A

result of an acquired condition

27
Q

What does vesicoureteral reflux increase the risk for?

A

lower UTIs becoming pyelonephritis

28
Q

What is the therapeutic management of vesicoureteral reflux?

A

continuous antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical correction

29
Q

What is Phimosis?

A

narrowing or stenosis of preputial opening of the foreskin that often resolves without intervention

30
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

presence of peritoneal fluid in the scrotum

31
Q

What are the two types of hydrocele?

A

communicating versus noncommunicating

32
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

undescended testicles that requires an orchiopexy surgery to reposition the testis

33
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

protrusion of abdominal contents through inguinal canal into scrotum

34
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

ventral urethral opening on underside of penis that requires surgical correction

35
Q

What is exstrophy-epispadias complex?

A

bladder exstrophy, epispadias, and cloacal exstrophy

NURS 366 (29 decks)

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