Childhood Immunizations Flashcards
How many vaccines are given between birth and adolescence?
16 vaccines
How many vaccines do children receive by 2 years of age?
14
How much money do vaccines save in health care costs?
$9.9 billion
How much money do vaccines save in indirect costs?
$33.4 billion
16 vaccines that are commonly administered during childhood
Chickenpox (varicella)
Diphtheria
Influenza
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hib
Measles
Mumps
Polio
Pneumococcal
Rotavirus
Rubella
Tetanus
Whooping cough (pertussis)
Meningococcal
HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
What is the VFC program and who is eligible for the program?
Vaccines for Children, and it provides free vaccinations to children up until 18 years of age
A child 18 or younger must be one of the following to qualify:
American Indian or Alaska Native
Medicaid-eligible
Uninsured
Underinsured
Are schools or daycare centers regulated by the CDC or AAP for vaccine compliance?
no
What kind of information does the CDC provide in relation to vaccines?
Recommendation schedules and catch-up schedules
Education for parents and providers
Common questions about vaccines and vaccine preventable diseases
Vaccine Information Statements (VIS)
What are contraindications/precautions for all vaccines?
Anaphylactic reaction to a vaccine contraindicates further doses of that vaccine
Anaphylactic reaction to a vaccine constituent contraindicates the use of vaccines containing that substance
Moderate or severe illness with or without fever
Live virus vaccines in immunocompromised patients and patients with recent acquired passive immunity
What is the difference between a contraindication and a precaution?
A contraindication is considered as a condition in an individual that increases the risk for a serious adverse reaction (e.g. not administering a live virus vaccine to a severely immune compromised child) – straight from text.
A precaution is a condition in a recipient that might increase the risk for a serious adverse reaction or that might compromise the ability of the vaccine to produce immunity. A precaution may or may not prevent vaccine administration.
What are general common mild side effects of immunizations?
Soreness, redness, or swelling where shot was administered
Low grade fever
Fussiness, drowsiness, decreased appetite
When do side effects of vaccines often start?
Within hours to 1-2 days after vaccination
How should vaccine side effects be treated?
acetaminophen or ibuprofen
continued use of extremity
Who is responsible for reviewing risks/benefits of vaccines?
the provider
What part of the VIS is important to document in vaccine administration?
publication date
What should be recorded in the documentation following a vaccine administration?
Complete date of administration
Name of vaccine
Manufacturer and lot number of vaccine
Expiration date
Site and route of administration
Name and title of person administering vaccine
Informed consent
VIS information
Where should adverse reactions to vaccines be reported?
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
A patient’s parent is worried about giving her child a vaccine because of the risk of mercury poisoning, how do you educate this patient?
mercury has been removed from all vaccines
What is the only disease that doesn’t exist outside of a laboratory?
smallpox
What percentage of herd immunity do some vaccines require?
up to 95%
What is hepatitis B?
a contagious liver disease
How can hepatitis B be spread?
contact with blood or bodily fluids of infected persons
How long can the Hepatitis B vaccine live on contaminated objects?
up to 7 days
How many doses is the hepatitis B vaccine?
3
What can the hepatitis b virus lead to?
fatal liver problems
What allergy would be a contraindication to a hepatitis B vaccine?
yeast
How is Hepatitis A spread?
person-to-person contact
the fecal-oral route, close personal contact, sexual contact, contaminated food or water
How many doses is the Hepatitis A vaccine?
2 doses
What is the minimum age to receive the Hepatitis A vaccine?
12 months
When is the first hep b vaccine adminstered?
before discharge from the hospital after birth
What kind of vaccine is hep A?
inactive
What is the route that hep A is most often spread by?
fecal-oral route
What does the DTaP vaccine include vaccinations for?
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
How many doses is the DTaP vaccine?
5
When is the first DTaP vaccine administered?
2 months
What is the causative agent of Diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria
What happens when someone contracts diphtheria?
Causes a thick gray coating to build up in the nose, tonsils, voice box, and throat. This “pseudomembrane” makes it very hard to breathe or swallow
How is diphtheria treated?
diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics
How does tetanus enter the body?
a break in the skin
Vaccination against pertussis can prevent how many cases of pertussis in children under 2 months?
3/4 of cases
If a pregnant woman gets the pertussis vaccine, how many infants are protected to where they do not get ill enough for hospitalization?
9/10
When is the DTaP vaccine booster given?
starting at 11-12 years old
How often do adults need to receive DTaP boosters?
every 10 years
What are complications of polio?
paralysis and meningitis
Where does the polio virus live?
throat and intestinal tract
How is polio spread?
person-to-person contact via stool or naso/oral secretions
What percentage of people with polio experience no symptoms?
72%
What percentage of those with polio will have paralysis?
1%
When was the polio vaccine introduced?
1955
Which polio vaccine has led to vaccine associated polio paralysis?
OPV vaccine
What kind of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?
live attenuated vaccine
How many doses is the MMR vaccine?
2
When can the first MMR vaccine be given?
12-15 months old
What are two allergies that would be a contraindication to administration of the MMR vaccine?
gelatin and neomycin
What are two of the hallmark signs of mumps?
puffy cheeks and swollen jaw
What are the most common types of invasive Haemophilus influenzae?
Bacteremia (blood infection)
Meningitis (infection of the covering of the brain and spinal cord)
Epiglotittis (an inflammation of the windpipe; can cause breathing trouble)
Cellulitis (skin infection)
Infectious arthritis
What type of infection is haemophilus Influenzae type B (Hib)?
bacterial
How many doses is the hib vaccine?
4
When is the first hib dose administered?
2 months
What is the ProQuad vaccine?
A combination of the MMR vaccine and the Varicella vaccine
How is the varicella vaccine administered?
sub-q
When is the first varicella vaccine administered?
12 months
Should the ProQuad vaccine be administered for the first dose?
no
How many strains and types of pneumococcal bacteria does the PCV13 vaccine protect from?
13 strains and about 90 types
How many doses is the PCV13 vaccine?
4
When is the first PCV13 vaccine administered?
2 months
What are the infections that pneumococcal bacteria can cause?
Ear infections
pneumonia
Sinus infections
Meningitis (infection of the covering around the brain and spinal cord)
Bacteremia (blood stream infection)
When is the influenza virus most active?
october through may
How old do you have to be to get the influenza vaccine?
6 months or older
How is the influenza vaccine administered for children 6 months to 8 years?
2 separate doses 4 weeks apart
Which strains of neiserris meningitis are the most common in the United States?
B, C, and Y
Who is at higher risk for meningococcal disease?
college students living in dorms and military recruits
How many doses in the meningococcal vaccine? When are these doses administered?
- 1st at 11-12 years and second at 16 years
What does rotavirus cause?
diarrhea
How many doses are given for the rotavirus vaccine?
2-3 doses
When are the doses for rotavirus?
2 months, 4 months, and 6 months
How is the rotavirus vaccine administered?
PO liquid
What is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis?
rotavirus
When is the most common time for rotavirus?
december to june
Should a rotavirus vaccine be administered after 6 months?
No. it is not necessary
What is almost all cervical cancer caused by?
HPV
Who should not receive an HPV vaccine?
pregnant women, those with a latex allergy, and those with a hypersensitivity to yeast
