Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Diabetes is the ___ leading cause of death in the U.S.

Answer 1

7th

Question 2

How many people in the United States are affected by diabetes?

Answer 2

29.1 million

Question 3

What 3 things is diabetes a leading cause of?

Answer 3

adult blindness, end-stage renal disease, non-traumatic lower limb amputations

Question 4

How much more likely is a person with diabetes to have heart disease or a stroke?

Answer 4

2-4 times more likely

Question 5

What are 3 factors that affect the likelihood of diabetes?

Answer 5

Genetic, Autoimmune, Environmental

Question 6

What are the 4 classes of diabetes?

Answer 6

Type I, Type II, Gestational, and Other

Question 7

How should a diabetic be monitored on a sick day?

Answer 7

blood sugar Q4-6H, monitoring ketones

Question 8

Where is insulin produced?

Answer 8

b-cells in islets of Langerhans

Question 9

How much insulin is secreted by an adult per day?

Answer 9

40-50 units

Question 10

What is a stable blood glucose level?

Answer 10

74-106 mg/dL

Question 11

How long after a meal will insulin concentration peak if there is a normal amount of insulin secretion?

Answer 11

1 hour after a meal

Question 12

What happens if there are high insulin levels?

Answer 12

inhibits gluconeogenesis, enhances fat deposition, and increases protein synthesis

Question 13

What happens when there are low insulin levels?

Answer 13

release glucose from liver, protein from muscle, and fat from adipose tissue

Question 14

Where are insulin receptors normally found?

Answer 14

skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

Question 15

How does insulin function within a cell?

Answer 15

“unlocks” receptors so glucose can move into the cell to be used for energy

Question 16

Which hormones will have a oppose the effects of insulin?

Answer 16

glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol

Question 17

What measurements are good indicators of b-cell function and insulin levels?

Answer 17

serum and urine c-peptide measurements

Question 18

What percentage of those with diabetes have type 1 diabetes?

Answer 18

5-10%

Question 19

What is another name for type I diabetes?

Answer 19

Insulin-dependent diabetes (requires exogenous insulin)

Question 20

What happens to a person’s body who has type I diabetes?

Answer 20

body cells will develop antibodies against insulin and/or pancreatic beta cells that produce the insulin

Question 21

What is latent autoimmune diabetes in adults?

Answer 21

slow, progressive type 1 diabetes

Question 22

What can be a result of type I diabetes if it is unknown and there is a rapid onset?

Answer 22

DKA

Question 23

A patient comes in complaining of frequent urination, extreme thirst, insatiable hunger accompanied with unintentional weight loss, what may this patient be experiencing?

Answer 23

manifestations of Type I diabetes

Question 24

What percentage of those with diabetes have type II diabetes?

Answer 24

90-95%

Question 25

What are a few risk factors for type II diabetes?

Answer 25

overweight or obese, advanced age, family history

Question 26

Why would someone develop type II diabetes?

Answer 26

Pancreas continues to produce some endogenous insulin but Not enough insulin is produced and/or Body does not use insulin effectively

Question 27

5 ways that type II diabetes may occur

Answer 27

Insulin resistance 2.Decreased insulin production by pancreas 3.Inappropriate hepatic glucose production 4.Altered production of hormones and cytokines by adipose tissue (adipokines) 5.Research continues on role of brain, kidneys, and gut in type 2 diabetes

Question 28

If a patient is presenting with 3 of 5 of the following symptoms: increased glucose levels, abdominal obesity, high BP, high level of triglycerides, and decreased levels of HDLs, what is this patient presenting with?

Answer 28

Metabolic syndrome

Question 29

How is type II diabetes often discovered?

Answer 29

A1C

Question 30

What would be the GTT of someone with prediabetes?

Answer 30

140-199 mg/dL

Question 31

What would the fasting glucose be for a person with prediabetes?

Answer 31

100-125 mg/dL

Question 32

Who is considered high risk for gestational diabetes?

Answer 32

patients that are obese, ama, or have a family history of diabetes

Question 33

When should glucose return to normal levels after the baby is delivered with a mom that had gestational diabetes?

Answer 33

Within 6 weeks postpartum

Question 34

What kind of antibodies are present in type 1 diabetes but absent in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 34

Islet cell antibodies