Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
Diabetes is the ___ leading cause of death in the U.S.
7th
How many people in the United States are affected by diabetes?
29.1 million
What 3 things is diabetes a leading cause of?
adult blindness, end-stage renal disease, non-traumatic lower limb amputations
How much more likely is a person with diabetes to have heart disease or a stroke?
2-4 times more likely
What are 3 factors that affect the likelihood of diabetes?
Genetic, Autoimmune, Environmental
What are the 4 classes of diabetes?
Type I, Type II, Gestational, and Other
How should a diabetic be monitored on a sick day?
blood sugar Q4-6H, monitoring ketones
Where is insulin produced?
b-cells in islets of Langerhans
How much insulin is secreted by an adult per day?
40-50 units
What is a stable blood glucose level?
74-106 mg/dL
How long after a meal will insulin concentration peak if there is a normal amount of insulin secretion?
1 hour after a meal
What happens if there are high insulin levels?
inhibits gluconeogenesis, enhances fat deposition, and increases protein synthesis
What happens when there are low insulin levels?
release glucose from liver, protein from muscle, and fat from adipose tissue
Where are insulin receptors normally found?
skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
How does insulin function within a cell?
“unlocks” receptors so glucose can move into the cell to be used for energy
Which hormones will have a oppose the effects of insulin?
glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
What measurements are good indicators of b-cell function and insulin levels?
serum and urine c-peptide measurements
What percentage of those with diabetes have type 1 diabetes?
5-10%
What is another name for type I diabetes?
Insulin-dependent diabetes (requires exogenous insulin)
What happens to a person’s body who has type I diabetes?
body cells will develop antibodies against insulin and/or pancreatic beta cells that produce the insulin
What is latent autoimmune diabetes in adults?
slow, progressive type 1 diabetes
What can be a result of type I diabetes if it is unknown and there is a rapid onset?
DKA
A patient comes in complaining of frequent urination, extreme thirst, insatiable hunger accompanied with unintentional weight loss, what may this patient be experiencing?
manifestations of Type I diabetes
What percentage of those with diabetes have type II diabetes?
90-95%
What are a few risk factors for type II diabetes?
overweight or obese, advanced age, family history
Why would someone develop type II diabetes?
Pancreas continues to produce some endogenous insulin but
Not enough insulin is produced and/or
Body does not use insulin effectively
5 ways that type II diabetes may occur
Insulin resistance
2.Decreased insulin production by pancreas
3.Inappropriate hepatic glucose production
4.Altered production of hormones and cytokines by adipose tissue (adipokines)
5.Research continues on role of brain, kidneys, and gut in type 2 diabetes
If a patient is presenting with 3 of 5 of the following symptoms: increased glucose levels, abdominal obesity, high BP, high level of triglycerides, and decreased levels of HDLs, what is this patient presenting with?
Metabolic syndrome
How is type II diabetes often discovered?
A1C
What would be the GTT of someone with prediabetes?
140-199 mg/dL
What would the fasting glucose be for a person with prediabetes?
100-125 mg/dL
Who is considered high risk for gestational diabetes?
patients that are obese, ama, or have a family history of diabetes
When should glucose return to normal levels after the baby is delivered with a mom that had gestational diabetes?
Within 6 weeks postpartum
What kind of antibodies are present in type 1 diabetes but absent in type 2 diabetes?
Islet cell antibodies
