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Anatomy > Skin/Devo > Flashcards

Skin/Devo Flashcards

1
Q

Protostomes

A

mouth develops first, includes annelids, arthropods, molluscs

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2
Q

deuterostomes

A

anus develops first, echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates

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3
Q

urochordates

A

the tunicates (sea squirts)

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4
Q

cephalochordates

A

have a head end, filter feed, pump blood with brachial buds ie. amphioxus

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5
Q

craniates

A

have neural crest cells, skulls, vertebrae, sense organs on head from neural placode

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6
Q

chordates ALL have (at some point)..

A

notochord, pharyngeal slits and cilia, endostyle/thyroid, dorsal neural tube, and post-anal tail

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7
Q

synapomorphy

A

common traits of a group that separate it from other groups

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8
Q

agnathans

A

jawless fish (lamprey, hagfish)- no bones or appendages

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9
Q

chondrichthyes

A

cartilaginous fishes ie sharks, rays, chimera. no lungs or swim bladder, buoyant liver. have placoid (teeth) scales

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10
Q

osteichthyes

A

bony fish superclass (actin- and sarc-)

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11
Q

actinopterygii

A

ray finned fish- teleosts

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12
Q

eutherians

A

placental mammals

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13
Q

ontogeny

A

process of development

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14
Q

early development steps

A

ovum/sperm, fertilization, cleavage (2 cells), morula (8 cell stage), blastula, to gastrulation (endoderm and ectoderm form)

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15
Q

recapitulation theory

A

Haeckel thought embryos went thru their phylogenetic past during development

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16
Q

developmental hourglass

A

mid embryo development organisms look similar but before and after that they look different

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17
Q

asexual chordates

A

tunicates and some hemichordates

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18
Q

vitellogenesis

A

addition of yolk platelets

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19
Q

microlecithal animals

A

amphioxus (fast development), eutherians

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20
Q

mesolecithal animals

A

cartilaginous fish, amphibians

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21
Q

macrolecithal animals

A

bony fish, reptiles, birds, monotremes

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22
Q

holoblastic cleavage

A

the whole egg divides/multiplies (eutherians, amphibians)

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23
Q

meroblastic cleavage

A

the yolk doesn’t multiply but the embryo does (monotremes, fish, reptiles)

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24
Q

coelum

A

spaces in mesoderm cells during gastrulation

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25
Q

epiboly

A

epithelial layers spread around yolk

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26
Q

who has primitive streak

A

birds, monotremes

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27
Q

endoderm forms..

A

respiratory, GI, excretory, auditory, endocrine

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28
Q

mesoderm forms..

A

notochord, somites, kidneys, reproductive system, some.. heart, body wall lining, dermis, GI lining

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29
Q

somites

A

mesoderm next to notocord, forms vertebrae

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30
Q

notochord

A

sends midline patterning signals, skeletal element for the embryo

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31
Q

ectoderm forms…

A

epidermis, NS, neural folds (neural tube), neurogenic placodes

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32
Q

neurulation

A

formation of NS

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33
Q

delamination of neural crest cells to…

A

migration throughout the body to form peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, cartilage, bone

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34
Q

neural crest cells in head form..

A

form NS, skull, connective tissue, teeth, bones/cartilage in head

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35
Q

neural crest cells in trunk

A

cannot form bones, make cartilage and NS elements

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36
Q

neural crest assists ectoderm to form..

A

teeth/beak, feathers, scales (ectoderm = enamel)

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37
Q

lateral line

A

neural placode forms this as well in fish and amphibians, used for senses in water

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38
Q

dermamyotome

A

formed by somites = limb muscle and dermis, is the top layer

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39
Q

myotome

A

formed by somites = muscles of back, rib cage, ventral body wall. middle layer

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40
Q

sclerotome

A

formed by somites = vertebrae, ribs. bottom layer

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41
Q

albumen

A

egg white

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42
Q

scutes

A

dermal plates covered in epidermis (armadillos)

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43
Q

velvet

A

epidermis/dermis derived vascular coating of growing antlers which is shed when the antlers are fully formed

44
Q

flight feathers

A

longer, smoother, asymmetrical

45
Q

rachis

A

the middle part of a feather

46
Q

barb

A

the stringy parts of feathers

47
Q

down

A

fluffy feathers used for warmth

48
Q

contour feathers

A

feathers that appear at the top of the wings and look like flight on top but down at the bottom, overlap flight feathers

49
Q

filoplume

A

very thin feather with tiny barbs at the top

50
Q

gastralia

A

dermally derived “extra ribs” in crocodilians and tuatara

51
Q

beak, claws, feathers are made of..

A

keratin

52
Q

carapace

A

top of turtle shell, with ribs. comes from dermis

53
Q

plastron

A

bottom of turtle shell, comes from dermis, also has some ribs in there

54
Q

tomium

A

epidermally derived, turtle beak

55
Q

teleosts

A

ray-finned fishes

56
Q

ctenoid scales

A

teleost scales, bass have them. have little teeth on the side

57
Q

cycloid scales

A

teleost scales that almost every fish has

58
Q

ganoid scales

A

ancient diamond shaped scales that gar have. made of enamel

59
Q

placoid scales

A

skin teeth in sharks. do pierce the epidermis, made of dentene and enameloid with pulp inside

60
Q

lepidosaurs

A

snakes and lizards

61
Q

myxini

A

hagfish

62
Q

ambulacraria

A

includes echinoderms and hemichordata (pterobranchs - acorn worms)

63
Q

chordata

A

includes urochordates, cephalochordates, and chordates

64
Q

petromyzontiformes

A

lampreys

65
Q

atriopore

A

hole that leads to out of body, for tunicates an amphioxus

66
Q

elasmobranchs

A

sharks, rays, etc (in chondrichthyes)

67
Q

holocephalii

A

group that is now just chimera (in chondraichthyes)

68
Q

sarcopterygii

A

lobe finned fish (ie coelocanths), tetrapods fall under this group

69
Q

epidermis layers (mammals)

A

(top to bottom) stratum lucidum (dead), stratum corneum (dead but have keratin), s granulosum (secrete fat and protein), s spinosum (spiky keratinocytes), s basale/germinativum produce keratinocytes

70
Q

langerhans cells

A

allergic and inflammatory function in skin

71
Q

dermis layers

A

top - stratum laxum (papillary) - loose, vascular, bottom stratum compactum (reticular) - dense, elastic, lots of glands

72
Q

vibrissae

A

whiskers

73
Q

secreting glands types

A

holocrine - whole cells, eccrine/merocrine - liquid from out of cells (sweat), apocrine - vesicles from cells are released (scent glands)

74
Q

snake scales

A

modified epidermis

75
Q

semiplume feather

A

between contour feathers for warmth, look like very small contour/down

76
Q

epidermally derived special features of mammals?

A

baleen, quills

77
Q

caudal

A

tail area

78
Q

ventral

A

underside/abdomen

79
Q

pigment cells/types

A

xanthophores (red/orange), iridophores (light scattering - blue/green/silver), melanophores, porphyrins - red, carotenoids - yellow

80
Q

ecdysis

A

shedding of skin

81
Q

uropygial gland

A

place for lipids for bird grooming near tail

82
Q

amniotes 4 layers

A

Chorion (Ectodermal; provides protection and nourishment), Amnion (ectodermal; contains fluid in which embryo grows). Yolk sac (Endodermally-derived; nutrient up-take/ secretion; first blood cells. Blood vessels from splanchnic mesoderm grow
out over membranes), Allantois (Endodermal; collects excretory product)

83
Q

glenoid fossa

A

joint on scapula that connects humerus

84
Q

blastulation

A

from morula (solid) to the blastula, the cells form an inner cavity. monotremes, fish birds and reptiles have a blastoderm (birds start disclike, fish kind of curved) around part of the yolk, while eutherians and metatherians have a blastocyst making a complete sphere (metatherians have some yolk but still sphere).

85
Q

yolk amount and division pattern

A

microlecithal eutherians and mesolecithal amphibians and marsupials - holoblastic, macrolecithal reptiles, bony fish, birds, monotremes have meroblastic

86
Q

gastrocoel/archenteron

A

hole within blastula during gastrulation

87
Q

amphibian gastrulation

A

cells migrate in to become endomesoderm and spread around yolk

88
Q

fish gastrulation

A

blastoderm spreads along surface and the mesoderm forms along edge of the cells

89
Q

bird and reptile gastrulation

A

looks like a hollow disc, forms primitive streak and then cells move into the fold to become endoderm and mesoderm

90
Q

mammal gastrulation

A

monotremes are like fish, eutherians have outer cells migrate to form endoderm and then primitive streak forms mesoderm.

91
Q

neural crest origin

A

where the folds of the neural tube meet

92
Q

eutherian extraembryonic membranes

A

trophoblast (chorion) for placenta and endometrium for maternal. also have an amniotic sac but no allantois or yolk.

93
Q

merkel cells

A

sensory receptors in skin

94
Q

why is there blood in epidermis

A

only if you are a fish or salamander for cutaneous respiration

95
Q

basal lamina

A

where dermis meets epidermis

96
Q

cuticle

A

coating on hair

97
Q

cortex

A

most of the hair

98
Q

medulla

A

the core of the hair

99
Q

dermal papilla

A

nerves and such at base of hair

100
Q

nuptial tubercles

A

keratinized structures on male fish for mating, the only time bony fish produce keratin.

101
Q

epidermis in different animals

A

bony fish - no dead cells or keratin, unicellular mucus glands, granular alarm cell glands, amphibians have fish skin as larva but then have corneum and no unicellular glands, reptiles and birds have thick corneum over scales (protection)

102
Q

enamel and dentine formation

A

ectodermal cells become ameloblasts and produce enamel, force neuralcrest to be odontoblasts and secrete dentene.

103
Q

barb and barbule

A

compose the vane coming off the rachis of feather

104
Q

mammary glands (and scent glands)

A

modified apocrine glands

105
Q

ovum structure

A

is a haploid cell. has cytoplasm, vitelline membrane (1st) and corona radiata (2nd membrane) and third membrane can be a shell once fertilized

106
Q

calamus

A

tip of feather shaft

Anatomy (16 decks)

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