Skin/Devo Flashcards
1
Q
Protostomes
A
mouth develops first, includes annelids, arthropods, molluscs
2
Q
deuterostomes
A
anus develops first, echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates
3
Q
urochordates
A
the tunicates (sea squirts)
4
Q
cephalochordates
A
have a head end, filter feed, pump blood with brachial buds ie. amphioxus
5
Q
craniates
A
have neural crest cells, skulls, vertebrae, sense organs on head from neural placode
6
Q
chordates ALL have (at some point)..
A
notochord, pharyngeal slits and cilia, endostyle/thyroid, dorsal neural tube, and post-anal tail
7
Q
synapomorphy
A
common traits of a group that separate it from other groups
8
Q
agnathans
A
jawless fish (lamprey, hagfish)- no bones or appendages
9
Q
chondrichthyes
A
cartilaginous fishes ie sharks, rays, chimera. no lungs or swim bladder, buoyant liver. have placoid (teeth) scales
10
Q
osteichthyes
A
bony fish superclass (actin- and sarc-)
11
Q
actinopterygii
A
ray finned fish- teleosts
12
Q
eutherians
A
placental mammals
13
Q
ontogeny
A
process of development
14
Q
early development steps
A
ovum/sperm, fertilization, cleavage (2 cells), morula (8 cell stage), blastula, to gastrulation (endoderm and ectoderm form)
15
Q
recapitulation theory
A
Haeckel thought embryos went thru their phylogenetic past during development
16
Q
developmental hourglass
A
mid embryo development organisms look similar but before and after that they look different
17
Q
asexual chordates
A
tunicates and some hemichordates
18
Q
vitellogenesis
A
addition of yolk platelets
19
Q
microlecithal animals
A
amphioxus (fast development), eutherians
20
Q
mesolecithal animals
A
cartilaginous fish, amphibians
21
Q
macrolecithal animals
A
bony fish, reptiles, birds, monotremes
22
Q
holoblastic cleavage
A
the whole egg divides/multiplies (eutherians, amphibians)
23
Q
meroblastic cleavage
A
the yolk doesn’t multiply but the embryo does (monotremes, fish, reptiles)
24
Q
coelum
A
spaces in mesoderm cells during gastrulation
25
epiboly
epithelial layers spread around yolk
26
who has primitive streak
birds, monotremes
27
endoderm forms..
respiratory, GI, excretory, auditory, endocrine
28
mesoderm forms..
notochord, somites, kidneys, reproductive system, some.. heart, body wall lining, dermis, GI lining
29
somites
mesoderm next to notocord, forms vertebrae
30
notochord
sends midline patterning signals, skeletal element for the embryo
31
ectoderm forms...
epidermis, NS, neural folds (neural tube), neurogenic placodes
32
neurulation
formation of NS
33
delamination of neural crest cells to...
migration throughout the body to form peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, cartilage, bone
34
neural crest cells in head form..
form NS, skull, connective tissue, teeth, bones/cartilage in head
35
neural crest cells in trunk
cannot form bones, make cartilage and NS elements
36
neural crest assists ectoderm to form..
teeth/beak, feathers, scales (ectoderm = enamel)
37
lateral line
neural placode forms this as well in fish and amphibians, used for senses in water
38
dermamyotome
formed by somites = limb muscle and dermis, is the top layer
39
myotome
formed by somites = muscles of back, rib cage, ventral body wall. middle layer
40
sclerotome
formed by somites = vertebrae, ribs. bottom layer
41
albumen
egg white
42
scutes
dermal plates covered in epidermis (armadillos)
43
velvet
epidermis/dermis derived vascular coating of growing antlers which is shed when the antlers are fully formed
44
flight feathers
longer, smoother, asymmetrical
45
rachis
the middle part of a feather
46
barb
the stringy parts of feathers
47
down
fluffy feathers used for warmth
48
contour feathers
feathers that appear at the top of the wings and look like flight on top but down at the bottom, overlap flight feathers
49
filoplume
very thin feather with tiny barbs at the top
50
gastralia
dermally derived "extra ribs" in crocodilians and tuatara
51
beak, claws, feathers are made of..
keratin
52
carapace
top of turtle shell, with ribs. comes from dermis
53
plastron
bottom of turtle shell, comes from dermis, also has some ribs in there
54
tomium
epidermally derived, turtle beak
55
teleosts
ray-finned fishes
56
ctenoid scales
teleost scales, bass have them. have little teeth on the side
57
cycloid scales
teleost scales that almost every fish has
58
ganoid scales
ancient diamond shaped scales that gar have. made of enamel
59
placoid scales
skin teeth in sharks. do pierce the epidermis, made of dentene and enameloid with pulp inside
60
lepidosaurs
snakes and lizards
61
myxini
hagfish
62
ambulacraria
includes echinoderms and hemichordata (pterobranchs - acorn worms)
63
chordata
includes urochordates, cephalochordates, and chordates
64
petromyzontiformes
lampreys
65
atriopore
hole that leads to out of body, for tunicates an amphioxus
66
elasmobranchs
sharks, rays, etc (in chondrichthyes)
67
holocephalii
group that is now just chimera (in chondraichthyes)
68
sarcopterygii
lobe finned fish (ie coelocanths), tetrapods fall under this group
69
epidermis layers (mammals)
(top to bottom) stratum lucidum (dead), stratum corneum (dead but have keratin), s granulosum (secrete fat and protein), s spinosum (spiky keratinocytes), s basale/germinativum produce keratinocytes
70
langerhans cells
allergic and inflammatory function in skin
71
dermis layers
top - stratum laxum (papillary) - loose, vascular, bottom stratum compactum (reticular) - dense, elastic, lots of glands
72
vibrissae
whiskers
73
secreting glands types
holocrine - whole cells, eccrine/merocrine - liquid from out of cells (sweat), apocrine - vesicles from cells are released (scent glands)
74
snake scales
modified epidermis
75
semiplume feather
between contour feathers for warmth, look like very small contour/down
76
epidermally derived special features of mammals?
baleen, quills
77
caudal
tail area
78
ventral
underside/abdomen
79
pigment cells/types
xanthophores (red/orange), iridophores (light scattering - blue/green/silver), melanophores, porphyrins - red, carotenoids - yellow
80
ecdysis
shedding of skin
81
uropygial gland
place for lipids for bird grooming near tail
82
amniotes 4 layers
Chorion (Ectodermal; provides protection and nourishment), Amnion (ectodermal; contains fluid in which embryo grows). Yolk sac (Endodermally-derived; nutrient up-take/ secretion; first blood cells. Blood vessels from splanchnic mesoderm grow
out over membranes), Allantois (Endodermal; collects excretory product)
83
glenoid fossa
joint on scapula that connects humerus
84
blastulation
from morula (solid) to the blastula, the cells form an inner cavity. monotremes, fish birds and reptiles have a blastoderm (birds start disclike, fish kind of curved) around part of the yolk, while eutherians and metatherians have a blastocyst making a complete sphere (metatherians have some yolk but still sphere).
85
yolk amount and division pattern
microlecithal eutherians and mesolecithal amphibians and marsupials - holoblastic, macrolecithal reptiles, bony fish, birds, monotremes have meroblastic
86
gastrocoel/archenteron
hole within blastula during gastrulation
87
amphibian gastrulation
cells migrate in to become endomesoderm and spread around yolk
88
fish gastrulation
blastoderm spreads along surface and the mesoderm forms along edge of the cells
89
bird and reptile gastrulation
looks like a hollow disc, forms primitive streak and then cells move into the fold to become endoderm and mesoderm
90
mammal gastrulation
monotremes are like fish, eutherians have outer cells migrate to form endoderm and then primitive streak forms mesoderm.
91
neural crest origin
where the folds of the neural tube meet
92
eutherian extraembryonic membranes
trophoblast (chorion) for placenta and endometrium for maternal. also have an amniotic sac but no allantois or yolk.
93
merkel cells
sensory receptors in skin
94
why is there blood in epidermis
only if you are a fish or salamander for cutaneous respiration
95
basal lamina
where dermis meets epidermis
96
cuticle
coating on hair
97
cortex
most of the hair
98
medulla
the core of the hair
99
dermal papilla
nerves and such at base of hair
100
nuptial tubercles
keratinized structures on male fish for mating, the only time bony fish produce keratin.
101
epidermis in different animals
bony fish - no dead cells or keratin, unicellular mucus glands, granular alarm cell glands, amphibians have fish skin as larva but then have corneum and no unicellular glands, reptiles and birds have thick corneum over scales (protection)
102
enamel and dentine formation
ectodermal cells become ameloblasts and produce enamel, force neuralcrest to be odontoblasts and secrete dentene.
103
barb and barbule
compose the vane coming off the rachis of feather
104
mammary glands (and scent glands)
modified apocrine glands
105
ovum structure
is a haploid cell. has cytoplasm, vitelline membrane (1st) and corona radiata (2nd membrane) and third membrane can be a shell once fertilized
106
calamus
tip of feather shaft
