Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > "Skeleetal system" > Flashcards

"Skeleetal system" Flashcards

1
Q

chondrocranium in embryo

A

aka neurocranium. supports and covers sensory structures and brain. made of neural crest up to end of notochord and the rest mesoderm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

trabeculae

A

cartilages from neural crest (chrondro) fuses into ethmoid plate in development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

parachordals

A

contribute to bones near notochord at the back of the head, occipital arch (chrondro)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

chondrocranium contributes to..

A

temporal (both chondro and dermato), occipital (both chondro and dermato), sphenoid, ethmoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

splanchnocranium includes

A

aka visceral cranium. includes palatoquadrate/quadrate, mandibular/Meckel’s cartilage/articular, columella, epipterygoid, branchial arches, hyomandibula,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dermatocranium

A

provides most structure over top of splanch and chondro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

dermatocranium forms..

A

temporal (both chondro and dermato), occipital (both chondro and dermato), parasphenoid bone, palatal series, lower jaw series, dermal roof, opercular/ gular series, choanae, sclerotic bones, dentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the move to land skull adaptations

A

chondro= 2 bones to protect ear, 4 occipital bones for moving head. splanch= epipterygoid, dorsal hyoid becomes columella, branchial arches become hypobranchial apparatus for tongue, dermato = longer eye-snout distance and jaws, chonnae (internal nostrils), loss of opercular and gular, loss of connection to pectoral girdle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

amphibian skull adaptations

A

lose a lot of bones (splanch and dermato), hyomandibula is used for tongue support, pharynx for breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

reptile skull adaptations

A

diapsid, kinesis (flexible), bone thinned or thickened based on need.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fenestration terms

A

0 = anapsid (turtles), 1 = synapsid (mammals), 2 = diapsid (all reptiles except turtles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

bird skull adaptations

A

fuck having bones. sclerotic bones for eye movement, flexible skull, reduced brachial arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mammal skull adaptations

A

most kinesis gone, occipital bones fused, enlarged nasal cavity, 2 otic bones unite to protect inner ear, masseter and temporalis muscles, temporomandibular joint for jaw and the quadrate and articular are in ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

axial skeleton includes..

A

notocord, spine, sternum, ribs, sacrum, medial fins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when do somites form

A

after neurulation (mid embryogenesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

resegmentation

A

somite splits into anterior and posterior parts of vertebrae, muscles split (1 post and ant of next)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in mammals, the notochord..

A

becomes intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vertebrae purpose

A

protect notochord, nerve chord, dorsal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

intercentrum

A

bones on ventral side of spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pleurocentrum

A

bones on either side of spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

holospondyly

A

when pleurocentrum and intercentrum fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

aspidospondyly

A

when pleurocentrum and intercentrum are separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

types of centrum in spinal cords

A

amphicoelus (fish/sharks) surrounded by intervertebral pads and concave on both ends, not very flexible; heterocoelus (turtles and 11-25 in bird necks) saddle-shaped on both ends for lateral and vertical motion; procoelus (amphibians and reptiles) concave anterior and convex posterior like ball and socket for flexibility; opisthocoelus (ungulates) convex anterior and concave posterior; acoelus (mammals and birds) flat with intervertebral discs to distribute compressing force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

spine changes through orders

A

chondrichthyans have notochord, bony fish ossify centrum and the rest are similar. bony fish have trunk and tail sections, amphibians add one cervical and one sacral (rest have multiple), mammals and birds add thoracic and lumbar sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
apophyses
poky bone site for muscle attachment
26
myosepta
muscle threads lateral to vertebrae in fish
27
zygapophyses
interlocking vertebrae (2 sites of attachment) to resist twisting
28
tetrapod ribs
attached at capitulum and tuberculum, attach at sternum in some animals using costal cartilage
29
costal
flexible
30
bird vertebrae
cervical are heterocoelus, end of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae fuse into synsacrum which attaches to innominate bone fused with pelvic girdle
31
mammal vertebrae/ribs
top 2 (head motion) - atlas and axis. ribs attach at thoracic vertebrae, lumbar sometimes has pleurapophyses (short ribs) for lateral support. 3-5 sacral vertebrae
32
appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle and appendages and pelvic girdle. used for locomotion
33
the first paired limbs
armored fishes at bottom needed to swim and developed pectoral fins to prevent pitch and roll (supported by dermal pectoral girdle)
34
ray finned fish fins
the scapula and coracoid attach the pectoral girdle to 3 pterygiophores which have lepidotrichia (rays). most teleosts have tribasic fins and no cleithrum or clavicle. posttemporal connects skull to girdle. girdle = dermally derived
35
chondrichthyes fins
pectoral girdle connects to (fused) scapulocoracoid, the pterygiophores and the rays are called ceratotrichia (also tribasic). no dermal bone (obvs)
36
polypterus
ray-finned fish that has lungs and more dermal bone in limbs. woah
37
sarcopterygii fins
monobasic fin (single pterygiophore), then humerus and rays, and coelocanths have more pterygiophores on one axis (leading to limb formation)
38
tetrapod limb sections
SZA! (proximal>distal): stylopod (humerus/femur), zeugopod (radius and ulna/tibia and fibula), autopod (hand/foot bones)
39
tetrapod appendicular modifications
cleithrum, clavicle, scapulocoracoid, are no longer attached to head, interclavicle added, attaches pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium) to axial skeleton
40
olecranon
elbow bone
41
reptile and amphibian appendicular modifications
glenoid fossa for humerus articulation, we get elbows and sternum, scapula (shoulder blade), they have carpal fusion to strengthen hand (too many bones to protect). astragalus (fusion in foot) to increase rotation, frogs have long ilium with urostyle (made of fused sacral) for jumping
42
bird appendicular modifications
bipedal - legs rotated 90deg. tibia supports leg and fibula is greatly reduced to hold muscle. tibiotarsus - tibia and tarsals fuse. thin scapula, strong coracoid (flapping), fused clavicle, huge keeled sternum, strong pelvis (not fused, have articulation)
43
symphysis
fusion of bones
44
mammal appendicular modifications
large scapula for dorsal muscles, less bulky pelvis with larger posterior ilium opening for muscles (obturator foramen), longer stylopod, patella helps move tendon over knee joint, reduced number of carpals and tarsals, forearms become weak, radius rotates around ulna for arm rotation
45
elephant fact
femur head is to the side so they can stand on two feet, in other tetrapods it is medial
46
different forms of wings
dinosaurs - membrane connects to body, attached to a really long fourth finger and the first 3 are for gripping about halfway down. birds - middle 3 digits exist but don't do much, feathers on post humerus, ulna, and hand bones. bats - 4 digits spread out with membrane, thumb is exposed for grasping
47
hyostyly
sharks, hyomandibula is attachment point for jaws so they can swivel
48
metautostyly
quadrate and articular attached to end of jaw so they can swivel (lizards)
49
autostyly
(mammals) upper jaw is fused to skull (dentary (lower) and squamosal (upper))
50
rostral
towards snout/front
51
transverse plane
cutting perpendicular to spine
52
lateral
towards left or right
53
dorsal plane
cut down middle parallel to ground
54
median/saggital plane
cut down spine
55
tooth type terms
homodont/heterodont
56
tooth replacement types
monophydont = 1 set (rodents), diphydont (most carnivores), polyphydont (fish, herps)
57
tooth attachment types
acrodont - part of jawbone (chameleons, agamas, tuatara), pleurodont - attached to inner jaw - most amphibians, reptiles, thecodont - in sockets with tissue (crocodilians, mammals)
58
differentiating metatherian and eutherian skulls
meta - holes in palate, triturbecular molars, has angular process of jaw that points in where eutherians just point back
59
foramen magnum
fenestra for brainstem
60
nares
hole for nose
61
external auditory meatus
hole for ears
62
carnassials
modified 4th premolar on top 1st molar on bottom, biggest teeth in carnivores
63
diastema
space between incisors and molars, common in herbivores
64
saggital crest
saggital ridge on top of skull in mammals with strong bites, to hold muscle
65
notable bones added in reptile skull
palpebral (by eye), septomaxilla below nasal bone, quadrate (movable), quadratojugal, jugal, visible pterygoid, ectopterygoid
66
snake extra teeth on
pterygoid, palatine, vomer
67
stapes/columella
cartilage that transmits sound
68
meckel's cartilage
allows movement of lower jaw
69
archosaurs
birds and crocodilians, crocs have thecodont dentition
70
human ear ossicle are derived..
quadrate, articular, columella/stapes
71
mammal jaw articulation bones
squamosal and dentary
72
vomer has teeth in..
frogs
73
endochondral bone
cartilage derived (splanchno and chondro)
74
where does dermatocranial bone originate
dermis
75
unique mammal skull structures
sagittal crest, zygomatic arch, temporal, alisphenoid (homologous to epipterygoid), interparietal, occipital, incus and malleus, tympanic bulla, presphenoid, hamulus (jaw process)
76
what are ear quadrate and articular called for mammals
incus (homologous to quadrate), malleus (homologous to articular),
77
splanchnochranially derived bones
Quadrate. Epipterygoid * Stapes/columella * Articular
78
synsacrum
fused bone in birds which incorporates thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal vertebrae. helps them remain upright for flight
79
innominate bone
(in birds), composed of ilium, ischium, and pubis
80
thoracic vertebrae
attachment points for ribs, right after the cervical
81
lumbar vertebrae
lower back
82
paired fin origin hypotheses
gill arch hypothesis, and fin fold (one large thing on either side in development becomes divided into multiple fins)
83
placoderms
armored headed fish ancestors who used fins for stability
84
which bones are dermally derived
(these are first created as bone. dermatocranial) the skull dermato and the clavicle, interclavicle, cleithrum, posttemporal
85
dermatocranium composition in skull
mesoderm at back, neural crest at front (division is start of notochord)
86
spine formation
sclerotome migrates around neural tube and notochord.
87
why did ribs arise in bony fish+ rib names
protect viscera, site for muscle attachment. dorsal = intermuscular, ventral = subperitoneal
88
scapulocoracoid
fused shoulder component found in chondrichthyes
89
obturator foramen
hole in pelvis for muscles in mammals
90
compare lungfish and coelacanth
coelacanth is closer to tetrapod limb, lungfish just monobasic
91
basal bony fish body plan
cleithrum and clavicle occur in pectoral area, the pelvic girdle is 2 plates just floating in the back, not attached to spine.
92
fish rib attachment
ribs attach ventrally to the vertebrae compared to tetrapod ribs, have 2 different points (1 for each set of ribs)
93
facet joint
joint btwn processes of 2 vertebrae (dorsal to centrum)
94
branchial basket origin in agnathans
splanchnocranium
95
pleurapophyses
short ribs found on lumbar section for some mammals
96
ilium
top/outside/large part of pelvis
97
ischium
bottom/outside of pelvis that surrounds some of obturator foramen
98
pubis
middle/inside area of pelvis
99
acetabulum
socket for femur
100
chrondrichthyes appendicular structures
Puboischiac bar, Iliac process (top of ventral back fins), Clasper(on pelvic fins for males), scapulocoracoid made up of Scapular process/Scapular cartilage (top of front fins pointing medially) and Coracoid bar (medial)
101
osteoichthyes appendicular structures
Posttemporal (spiky), Supracleithrum and Postcleithrum (come above head around to cleithrum), Cleithrum (holds scapulocoracoid), Clavicle (on tip of cleithrum), Scapulocoracoid (supports fin), Lepidotrichia
102
amphibian unique appendicular structures
Suprascapular cartilage, Procoracoid cartilage (point of attachment for humerus), Coracoid cartilage (extends out from scapula), Pubic cartilage (anterior to ischiac cartilage), Ischiac cartilage (anterior to ischium).
103
just frog unique appendicular structures
Radioulna, Tibiofibula, (fused zeugopod) ilium fused with a bunch of stuff(urostyle)
104
turtle unique appendicular structures
arm attached to girdle by coracoid, scapula in between, Procoracoid (acromion) above. also Epipubic cartilage (anterior to pubis)
105
snake unique appendicular structures
pelvic spurs
106
crocodilian unique appendicular structures
Fibulare (calcanuem) - foot bone under fibula, Tibiale (astragalus) - foot bone under tibia, Suprascapular cartilage, Coracoid (next to humerus, holds clavicle), Interclavicle
107
bird unique appendicular structures
Innominate bone (fused ilium, ischium, pubis), Tibiotarsus, Tarsometatarsus (leg bone below tibiotarsus), Coracoid, Triosseal canal, Carpometacarpus (fused carpals and metacarpals), Furcula (fused clavicle, interclavicle)
108
processes of centra - GENERAL
- basapophysis (transverse process) - pre- and post-zygapophysis (articulations between successive vertebrae). - hypapophysis (bony nodule on ventral side of centrum and present in some vertebrae of reptiles, birds and mammals; see Dasypeltis snakes)
109
ID atlas
no neural spine
110
ID axis
odontoid process
111
ID cervical
transverse foramena
112
ID thoracic + facet names
tall neural spine, on sides they have diapophysis on top (full facet, to tuberculum) and parapophysis below (demifacet that connects to capitulum)
113
ID lumbar
spine and mammillary processes (front), giant forward facing transverse processes
114
ID sacral + structure name
very spiky and weird looking, Intervertebral foramen hole on top among spikes
115
ID caudal
has hemal arch, barely any gap
116
fish vertebrae
trunk - one spine, caudal - two spines (hemal canal below)
117
axial oddities
amphibians wide transverse process of sacrum connects to urostyle (extended pelvis area for jumping). capitulum of rib - where rib attaches between vertebrae in turtles, pygostyle at end of free caudal for birds, uncinate process (spike on ribs!) for birds, birds have like 1 thoracic and 3 caudal not fused to other stuff, coccyx in tailless mammals is on bottom of sacrum.
118
how to tell A/P side of vertebrae
pre- is dorsal, post- is ventrally attached
119
triosseal canal
in birds, the hole btwn furcula, scapula, and coracoid
120
what does the atlas articulate with
occipital condyles of the skull
121
sections of autopod
mesopod - carpal/tarsals, acropod - metacarpal/tarsal and digit bones
122
foot posture names
plantigrade (flat - humans, bears, reptiles), digitagrade (cats, dogs), unguligrade (ungulates)
123
body stance types
sprawling, parasagittal- semi-erect (horses etc), erect
124
acetabulum
femur socket
125
when did atlas and axis arise
amphibians have atlas, rest of tetrapods have both
126
reptilian lower jaw
articular, angular, coronoid, surangular, dentary
127
processes of radius and ulna
unla - semilunar notch, olecranon process, radius - bicipital tuberosity, both have styloid processes on the bottom
128
humerus processes
delt and pectoral ridges, greater and lesser tuberosities at the head, olecranon fossa
129
scapula processes
glenoid fossa, metacromion (on ridge), coracoid process

Anatomy (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions