circulation! Flashcards
circulatory system parts
lymphatic vascular (collects EVF and returns it to vascular system) and cardiovascular
blood components
plasma, leukocytes (inc. lymphocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages), erythrocytes (recycled by macrophages regularly), platelets
lymphocyte purposes and quantity
overall 20-50% of leukocytes - monocytes (become macrophages, 2-10%), neutrophils (acute inflammatory response/pus - 40-75%), eosinophils (fight parasites, 1-6%), basophils (histamine, inflammation- <1%)
hematopoesis site
in embryos and salamanders, liver and spleen. in adults, bone marrow. come from stem cells that can become lymphoid or myeloid and differentiate from there
megakaryocytes
can produce platelets and RBCs
blood vessel devo origin
lateral plate mesoderm
blood vessel structure
inside to outside: tunica intima (endothelium, connective tissue, internal elastic lamina), tunica media (smooth muscle), tunica adventita (outer supporting connective tissue)
heart tissue layers
layers of blood vessels but they are called endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
elastic arteries
tunica media has elastin rings otw out of heart
muscular/distributing arteries
from elastic arteries to resistance vessels (arteries and arterioles)
capillaries w types
barely fits erythrocytes. continuous, fenestrated (in endocrine glands, kidneys, intestines, pancreas) or sinusoid (liver and spleen)
venules/veins
thinner walls than arteries, generally wider, store most of the blood. covering has thicker adventita
blood in embryo
forms in “islands” in the mesoderm
elasmobranch heart
s-shaped, near gills, 4 linear chambers (back to front: sinus venosus (blood from common cardinal and hepatic veins), atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus (spiral, keeps oxy and deoxy blood separate, controls flow to gills, evens pressure)
blood flow path elasmobranchs
heart > aorta > spiracular artery and 5 branchial arteries in gills> efferent branchial arteries to coelic, mesenteric, gonadal, renal arteries (systemic)> hepatic portal veins > liver > hepatic veins > heart
elasmobranch head and trunk veins
jugular in head, abdominal in trunk (cardinal in both)
circulatory major transition
from branchial system to pulmonary system (all branchial arches to 1 pulmonary arch, ductus arteriosus appears)
lungfish switching between breathing modes
for gill breathing, blood thru arches 2, 5, 6 and ductus arteriosus keeps from entering the pulmonary artery (goes to systemic), for lungs blood goes to right side of heart, 6th aortic arch which has ductus arteriosus blocking gills, pulmonary, left side of heart, 3rd and 4th arches, dorsal aorta, systemic.
amphibian circulation
1st and 2nd arches fused, 3rd and 4th make up common carotid, 4th goes to systemic, 6th goes to pulmocutaneous artery (lungs and skin). 3-chambered heart is septated but allows blood to mix. blood does not go thru pulmonary circuit when not necessary. deoxygenated enters R, oxy leaves L
tetrapod branchial arches
only retain 3, 4 and 6 (rest were gills)
reptile circulation
4 chambers kinda (ventricle is septated so blood mixes a little), shunts using pressure differential used in periods of apnea
foramen of panizza
connects L and R aorta in crocodilians, allows blood to move from RV to L aorta and system when pulmonary circuit is not active
bird and mammal circulation
4 equal, separate chambers with one side oxygenated and one deoxygenated, pulmonary and systemic separated. birds have 1 systemic arch and subclavians for blood supply to wings. sinus venosus becomes sinoatrial node in mammals, they also have subclavians
coronary arteries
in humans heart, supply blood to heart from pulmonary
