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reproduction... yucky Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction in chordates

A

tunicates can bud, whip-tailed lizards, amazon molly, some salamaders can parthenogenerate (chromosome doubles in egg so they stay diploid)

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2
Q

pseudocopulation

A

female “copulates” with other female, no fertilization but activates hormones so one can lay an egg. results in parthenogenesis

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3
Q

bird chromosomes

A

F= WZ, M= ZZ

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4
Q

who has sex determined by egg temp

A

turtles, SOME crocodilians and lizards

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5
Q

synchronous hermaphrodites

A

have testes and ovaries OR ovotestes, can self-fertilize. example: black bass (some teleosts)

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6
Q

sequential hermaphrodites

A

act as one sex then the other in life stages. FtM = protogynous, MtF = protoandrous. ex. coral reef fishes where one turns male and fertilizes others, they kill him, next. etc

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7
Q

ovipary strategy

A

must have nutrient rich eggs, a LOT of eggs usually (in fish), external fertilization

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8
Q

oviviparity

A

eggs develop in uterus, less risk bc they stay protected, less resources risked. chondrichthyans, some fish, caecilians and other amphibians, monotremes somewhat

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9
Q

intrauterine cannabalism

A

made possible by viviparity!

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10
Q

oviduct other names in devo

A

mullerian duct, paramesonephric duct

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11
Q

indifferent phase happenings devo

A

intermediate mesoderm near mesonephros forms genital ridge, it bulges into coelum, germ cells migrate from yolk sac to mesonephros. mesothelium thickens to form primary sex cords which form ducts inc. paramesonephric duct (oviduct) next to archinephric duct

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12
Q

SRY gene and impact

A

male determination. sex cord expands into seminiferous tubules of testis, oviduct recedes.

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13
Q

male genital development after SRY activation

A

sex cord expands into seminiferous tubules of testis, oviduct recedes. archinephric duct (mesonephric duct) becomes vas deferens/spermatic duct. mesenchyme forms tunica albuginea, some become interstitial (Leydig cells)

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14
Q

tunica albuginea

A

fibrous layer that comes from mesenchyme separating sex cords inside from the external epithelial tissue

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15
Q

Leydig cells

A

testosterone making cells

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16
Q

Female development after indifferent stage

A

secondary sex cells carry germ cells to the middle, each germ cell gets surrounded follicular cells (eventual eggs). the archinephric/mesonephric duct degenerates and the oviduct remains

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17
Q

Sertoli cells

A

form blood-testes barrier, secrete hormones (anti-mullerian hormone AMH causes oviduct to degenerate, secretes ABP - androgen binding protein to promote sperm maturation), give nutrition to sperm, remove sperm cytoplasm

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18
Q

sperm development

A

(4N) spermatogonia > primary spermatocytes >(meiosis)> secondary spermatocytes > spermatatids >(meisosis)> spermatazoa (1N). this is a 64 day period

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19
Q

acrosome

A

organelle in sperm head with enzymes to help it break through egg coat

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20
Q

sperm parts

A

acrosome, nucleus, head, neck, tail

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21
Q

why are bals

A

thermoregulation

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22
Q

who has silly internal balls, be honest

A

cetaceans, elephants, edentates

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23
Q

edentates

A

anteaters, sloths, armadillos

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24
Q

Bidders organ

A

reproductive organ in toads, they can make sperm for a while but switch to eggs after that.

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25
anamniote testes
big, fill body cavity. immature has ovary resembling part in the front. (1 can work at a time if not hermaphroditic)
26
ovaries thru the orders
usually paired, but fused in lampreys and teleosts, birds have just the left one
27
egg development.
start as primary oocytes (2n) surrounded by follicular cells (these are primordial follicles). mature and follicular cells divide to form zona granulosa around egg. oocyte forms envelope called zona pellucida around itself, connective tissue around the whole thing = theca. theca produces hormones, follicle produces fluid and then oocyte has 1st meiosis, forms polar body, and it becomes a graffian follicle, oocyte is released during ovulation. if fertilized, the oocyte travels up fallopian tube and 2nd meiosis happens (2nd polar body forms). the follicle becomes corpus luteum after the oocyte leaves.
28
egg production
born with all eggs, then they are surrounded by follicle then mature then ovulated
29
graffian follicle
the stage of follicle after 1st meiosis before ovulation
30
gonads
testes/ovaries. ARE ENDOCRINE
31
male hormones
secrete cortical androgens from andrenal glands, testosterone from Leydig cells in testes
32
female hormones source
estradiol and progesterone from ovary
33
estradiol is made by..
thecal cells which modify cholesterol to androsteredione, then zona granulosa cells modify it to T and estradiol
34
progesterone is made..
corpus luteum usually (the follicle left after secondary oocyte is released) makes it. when pregnant, the adrenals and placenta make it too.
35
opposite sex normal hormone levels
men have 10% female E lvls, women have 20% male T levels
36
androgens purpose
control direction after indifferent phase (via SRY), and drop balls. generally used for protein synth and growth
37
genital tubercle differential development
the tubercle will fold into clitoris or expand to form penis and the cloacal membrane will zip up into urethra
38
androgen insensitivity syndrome
XY women have internal testes
39
continuous reproducing animals examples
humans, rats, chickens
40
seasonal reproducing examples
(based on ovary activity) birds in spring, deer in fall, dogs and cats 2-3 times/year
41
estrus
period near ovulation, some verts can only reproduce during this time.
42
opportunistic breeders
hormones from copulation make them fertile
43
adenohypophysis
anterior part of pituitary gland. developed from oral ectoderm
44
adenohypophysis produces..
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH) and other hormones
45
pituitary gland parts
anterior is adenohypophysis made up of pars tuberalis (at top), pars intermedia (between the two lobes), and pars distalis (the main lobe of adeno-) and the posterior part is neurohypophysis
46
pituitary gland origin
adenohypophysis - from oral ectoderm, neurohypophysis - from neural ectoderm.
47
hypothalamus
gives signal to pituitary to produce hormones, by producing gonad releasing hormone (GnRH) which goes thru hypophyseal portal system to pituitary. constant production in males, cyclic in females
48
FSH and LH in males
FSH enlarges testes and seminiferous tubules, causes Sertoli cells to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP). LH causes T production, enters tubules, binds ABP, promotes sperm maturation
49
FSH and LH in females
grow follicles, follicles synth. estrogen. Thecal cells bind LH and are able to produce androgens. in zona granulosa, FSH activates cells to convert androgens to E.
50
corpus luteum
"shell" of follicle left when egg leaves, contributes to endometrium and is either menstruated or contributes to the placenta if the egg was fertilized
51
follicle growth due to hormones
LH causes thecal cells to produce androgens, and FSH causes the follicular cells to convert androgens to estrogen. this increases lining, and E causes thecal cells to develop more receptors to LH so positive feedback. eventual LH surge causes follicular cells to produce proteolytic enzymes and break down follicle wall > ovulation
52
endometrium growth and shedding
GnRH causes growth of follicles until they have ovulated, the empty corpus luteum inhibits GnRH by making progesterone but stops if there is no fertilization, when progesterone drops the GnRH comes back and endometrium is shed.
53
trophoblast
creates placenta via.. secretes endocrine > chorionic gonadotrophin to keep progesterone up, and keep endometrium from leaving.
54
estrogen mimics
beer, plasticizers
55
testosterone inhibitors
include DDT
56
lamprey and hagfish reproductive tract
no passage, eggs are loose in coelum and leave via genital pore at end of archinephric duct
57
amphibian reproductive tract (male)
testes connect to testis canal , efferent ductules, anterior opithonephros , archinephric duct. in most amphibians the urine goes thru here too. some salamanders have epididymus esque coiled sperm storage structure, toads can have vestigial oviduct in males
58
chrondrichthyes ducts (male)
middle of duct has leydigs gland which secretes seminal fluid, widens to seminal vesicle (comes from oviduct) which contributes to fluid near cloaca.
59
lungfish reproductive duct structure (male)
have separate sperm duct that joins with end of kidneys/opisthonephros.
60
amniotes reproductive tracts (male)
separated urine and sperm. vas deferens comes from archinephric duct
61
additional seminal fluid glands in amniotes
prostate, vesicular, bulbourethral glands. nourish and protect sperm
62
intromittent organ
used for internal fertilization, only called a penis in mammals (usually has baculum there)
63
which birds have peniseses
ducks, ratites, geese - primitive birds
64
amphibians female reproductive anatomy
long oviduct, opening to catch eggs = infundibulum. cilia move eggs to passage, muscles pass them through. eggs coated in jelly by oviductal cells, may accumulate in the ovisac. external fertilization (sperm is sprayed on eggs)
65
spermatophore
capsule of sperm produced by some salamanders to help sperm fertilize internally
66
salamander vivipary
can happen, development is 2-4 years. larvae eat eggs, uterine lining, siblings..
67
chrondrichthyes female reproduction
internal fertilization. ovipary, vivipary, ovivipary. few, large eggs. enlarged ostium to pass large eggs. yolk sac placenta is used for viviparous spp
68
nidamental gland
secretes proteinacious egg case in sharks
69
ostium
opening (through which eggs leave in sharks)
70
bony fish female tracts
eggs go into coelum, expelled thru genital papilla in cloaca. millions of eggs, ext fertilization. some carry young after, some build nests, some just dump.
71
bird reduction
right side ovary and oviduct gone
72
reptile/bird tracts female
eggs enter infundibulum, fertilized in upper oviduct, secondary membranes and shell are added in lower oviduct. shell is porous with protein and calcium. make few large eggs, some lizards and snakes have vivipary
73
monotreme female tracts
2 uteri lead to urogenital sinus and join with bladder tubes to empty at cloaca. eggs have eggshells but they are thin and flexible. development begins in the uterus but egg is still laid. milk is given after hatching.
74
marsupial female tract
have a vagina (but 2), 2 uteri, 2 cervix, forked vagina (and males have bifid penis). young use yolk sac placenta and come out very early via pseudovaginal canal, attach to nipple in the marsupium (the pouch)
75
eutherians with 2 uteri
rodents
76
placenta thru orders
yolk sac - sharks, reptiles, marsupials (short development), chorioallantoic added in koala and eutherians (is chorioallantoic in eutherians)
77
deciduous placenta
when the placenta sheds during birth. many eutherians have this, but some (inc pigs) dont as endometrium is more attached to placenta.
78
testis contains (in mammals)
seminiferous tubules to contribute to semen, epididymus (connects it to the deferens duct), and the rete testis (smaller tubes to move sperms to the epididymus
79
ducts during development male vs female
male keeps archinephric and undoes oviduct, female undoes archinephric and keeps oviduct
80
anestrus
time when ovaries are inactive
81
long day and short day breeders
long day - reproduce in summer, short day - reproduce in winter
82
where are sterol derived hormones produced
adrenals, testes, ovaries, placenta. slow acting, long lasting changes
83
solubility of hormones
ofc steroids pass thru membranes to cytoplasmic receptors

Anatomy (16 decks)

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