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nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

neurulation

A

neural plate forms from mesoderm above notocord upon signal from notocord, plate folds (edges meet up at top to form neural tube), region where ends meet becomes neural crest. ectoderm reforms over tube, zips up anterior to posterior

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2
Q

CNS devo origin

A

neural plate (from ectoderm) as neural tube

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3
Q

PNS origin

A

neural crest cells

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4
Q

forebrain name/parts

A

is called prosencephalon. parts = telencephalon (olfactory, memories, cerebrum), diencephalon (vision, pineal gland, thamalus, hypothalamus)

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5
Q

midbrain aka

A

called mesencephalon. visual center/relays messages

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6
Q

hindbrain names/ parts

A

rhombencephalon, made of metencephalon (coordinates muscles, connects cerebrum and cerebellum) and myelencephalon (involuntary activities)

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7
Q

MHB

A

midbrain-hindbrain boundary (isthmus), sends patterning signals for what becomes which part of brain. uses protein FgF-8 expressed at the hindbrain side.

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8
Q

flexures

A

where embryo bends so brain has room to grow. mesencephalic, cervical, and pontine (in hindbrain)

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9
Q

organizers

A

sources of signals that pattern development

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10
Q

flow of info spinal cord

A

enters dorsal (sensory neurons) thru interneurons in middle/to brain and back, and out the ventral (motor neurons)

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11
Q

floor plate devo

A

notochord shows where ventral side is so floor plate and directionality of neurons can develop (uses shh, amount of shh cells are exposed to determines their fate. antagonistic BMP is produced from the dorsal side in opposing gradient)

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12
Q

commissural neurons

A

their axons cross L/R midline of body or go anterior/posterior. grow ventrally from roof plate and cross sides and grow anterior when they hit shh gradient

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13
Q

tip of axon

A

sensory structures: filapodia (f-actin projections to feel around) with lamellopodia (webbing made of dense actin mesh)

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14
Q

PNS elements

A

dorsal root ganglia, sensory and motor NS, sympathetic ganglia, enteric ganglia, adrenal medulla (on kidneys), melanophores

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15
Q

motor nerves

A

conduct response (efferent), multipolar axons

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16
Q

cells in NS (general)

A

glia and neurons (50/50)

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17
Q

axon composition

A

cytoplasmic process with cytoskeleton and ion channels, AP goes 1 direction down it

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18
Q

axon branch types

A

bipolar (2 axon), pseudounipolar (branch right after cell body and can go 2 opposite directions), multipolar (lots of dendrites- most of the motor and interneurons)

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19
Q

sensory axons

A

are bipolar or pseudounipolar so cell body can stay far enough from skin surface to remain undamaged, get info about stretch, temp, light

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20
Q

nerve layers

A

bundle of axons surrounded by endoneurium, group of those nerves surrounded by perineurium to form fascicles, group of fascicles surrounded by epineurium with blood vessels etc

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21
Q

ganglion

A

group of cell bodies in PNS

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22
Q

white matter

A

axons insulated by glia

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23
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies

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24
Q

pallium

A

outer layer of brain and spinal cord

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25
CNS neurons
1000s of dendrites, 1 body, 1 axon
26
efferent NS paths..
to effectors. can be somatic (voluntary), or sympathetic (fight/flight) or parasympathetic (rest/digest) to smooth muscle, glands, heart, fat
27
schwann cells
PNS insulating cells
28
nodes of ranvier
gaps btwn schwann cells to conduct AP
29
oligodendrocytes
myelin sheath cells in CNS
30
astrocytes
cells only in CNS which regulate ion and electrical balance, axon guidance, support synapses, regulate blood-brain barrier. only in amniotes
31
radial glia
serve as astrocytes in basal verts, allow regeneration of CNS to some extent. in higher verts these differentiate into glia at maturity
32
ependymal cells
line central canal of spinal cord and the ventricles of brain. used to regulate CSF and ECF movement, and molecules moving in and out of CNS
33
choroid plexus
bundle of ependymal cells in brain ventricle
34
microglia
brain's immune macrophages (overactivity leads to neurodegeneration)
35
brain repairs
rare, we have stem cells in hippocampus (learning/memory) and subventricular zone (olfactory) maybe to repair things. radial glia throughout brain in lower verts.
36
only glial cell in PNS
schwann cells
37
spinal cord organization
dorsal has afferent/sensory, ventral has motor/efferent, interneurons in the middle
38
visceral nerves
involuntary actions
39
nerve types
visceral and somatic, sensory and motor. from visceral, there are sympathetic and parasympathetic
40
parasympathetic response
rest and digest
41
sympathetic response
fight or flight
42
somatic nerves
conscious actions
43
meninges layers..
surround spinal cord and brain. inner thin connective tissue = pia mater, vascular arachnoid, tough dura mater.
44
structures that exit the spinal cord
sensory root and horn (dorsal), motor root and horn (ventral), dorsal root ganglion (sensory cell bodies)
45
cauda equine
nerves at base of spinal cord branch off like horses tail
46
bulges of the spinal cord
cervical (C3-T1) and lumbar (L1-S3)
47
reflex arc
excitatory and inhibitory neurons send signal to spinal cord, reaction happens. no brain involved
48
strychnine..
blocks inhibitory interneurons
49
intersegmental reflexes
use interneurons with signals traveling in ascending and descending pathways so conscious thought not necessary for complex movements ie walking
50
lamprey spinal cord
thin, avascular, no myelin (just gray matter) with ventral cell bodies and dendrites spread around to connect synapses with sensory and interneurons around. muller cell bodies also ventral, synapse from hindbrain to motor neurons for escape reaction. hagfish don't have that
51
c-start response
mauthner neurons in fish allow them to leave reeeeaaally quick. head turns in a direction opposite to stimulus (10-20ms) and they leave (20-30 ms)
52
spinal nerves connections evo
were separately moving into muscles ancestrally, now fuse after spinal cord with efferent and afferent nerves still differentiated
53
amphibian spinal cord
have the ventral divit. fused nerves, large vascular cord with complex NS. gray matter in middle, connects dendrites. have more white matter and more ascending and descending tracts
54
amniotes spinal cord
synapses in gray matter, ascending and descending fibers. more white matter > more brain control. separate sensory and motor neurons
55
spinal nerve evolution
in lower verts, there was one for each segment/muscle block. then as we got more muscles one was for multiple muscles and spinal nerves were named for vertebrae.
56
nerves supplying the limbs (from spinal cord)
cervical and lumbar plexus (the enlargements in those areas to provide more nerve connections)
57
multipolar neurons
many dendrites, one axon (receive lots of info)
58
innervations of muscles..
based on embryonic segments aka dermatomes
59
CN 1
olfactory (sensory)
60
CN 2
optic (sensory)
61
CN 3
occulomotor (motor) all eye muscles but 2, eyelids, pupil reflex
62
CN 4
trochlear (motor) superior oblique. exits dorsally from brainstem
63
CN 5
trigeminal (both) jaw closing, chewing, face. receptors play a role in flavor detection. semilunar ganglion. for sensory. FIRST branchial arch.
64
CN 6
abducens (motor) lateral rectus.
65
CN 7
facial (both) sensory for taste via geniculate ganglion, jaw opening and facial expression. second branchial arch
66
CN 8
vestibulocochlear (sensory) balance, hearing. auditory ganglion
67
CN 9
glossopharyngeal (both) swallowing and gills. sensory for the back of tongue and pharynx via petrosal ganglion. third branchial arch
68
CN 10
vagus (both) visceral/gut muscles. last 4 branchial arches. includes hearing, swallowing, heartbeat, and swallowing and coughing sensory via jugular and nodose ganglia.
69
CN 11
accessory (motor) head turning via trapezius and sternocleidomastoid. swallowing, vocalizations.
70
CN 12
hypoglossal (motor) tongue muscles
71
CN 0
terminal (sensory) connected to jacobsons organ, detects non volatile hormones and the nerve cues release of luteinizing hormone and GnRH in response. first found in sharks
72
extra cranial nerves
11 and 12 exclusive to amniotes, there is one between 6 and 7 and one between 9 and 10 during development in anamniotes and they go on to form the lateral line.
73
lateral line formation
6 placodes form 3 spots (2 placodes on each, one for each side of body) form supraorbital line on head, otic vesicle in middle, trunk lateral line.
74
vomer-olfaction
accessory olfactory system detects specific pheromones (vomeronasal/jacobsons)
75
olfactory epithelium
5-6 mil odor receptors in humans, 300 mil in dogs. salmon use odor cues to find birth river and turtles too
76
cupula
structure in the pores in lateral line system used to detect position by changes in fluid using associated hairs
77
cnidarians and sponges are..
nerve nets
78
rhombomeres
transient sections of hindbrain during devo that correspond to streams to neural crest, these leave into the body.
79
amphioxus brain
no brains but some genes up there that become some chordate brains. most similar as larva
80
segments within brain sections
forebrain - olfactory bulbs, cerebrum, thalamus. midbrain - optic tectum, tegmentum. hindbrain - pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
81
tegmentum
roof of midbrain, motion and pain detection
82
neurogenesis
new neurons and connections, drives complexity
83
6 layers of the brain
debunked thing with reptile brain and additive evolution etc
84
differences in brains..
usually developmental between species, setup starts off one way and continues down that path.
85
actinopterygian telencephalon
everts. weird inside out thing.
86
dorsal telencephalon forms..
pallium. there is medial, dorsal, and lateral.
87
sulci and gyri
gyri - bulgy parts, sulci - grooves btwn
88
subpallium
part of telen that is under pallium, coordinates movement using signals from ganglia and nerves
89
neocortex
6 brain layers in forebrain with diff cell types (diversified from 3). uses thalamus to receive ascending sensory info
90
cortical columns
vertical cell columns spanning the cortex, unknown function
91
striatum
ganglia under pallium etc, used for decision making, shrinks as pallium inc over lineages
92
hippocampus formation
evolutionarily after pallium covers midbrain
93
more neuronal connections means
more complex behaviors
94
more receptors in brain means
larger sensory field
95
ganglia
clusters of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
96
nucleus
a cluster of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
97
interneurons
can be inhibitory to block actions that conflict with intended actions or excitatory to promote intended action. both are needed.
98
cranial nerves that innervate branchial arches
CN5 (trigeminal)- 1st arch, CN7 (facial)- 2nd arch, CN9 (glossopharyngeal)- 3rd arch, Cn10 (vagus)- 4-6th arches
99
cephalization and centralization go with..
increased interactions with environment esp. predation.
100
neurogenesis drives..
differences in forebrain development
101
lateral ventricles
inside of telencephalon
102
pyriform cortex
used for olfaction
103
hippocampus location
just below pallium
104
lateral pallium function
olfactory integration and responses to olfactory stimuli
105
barrier btwn PNS and CNS at spinal cord
where the dorsal root ganglia enters the spinal cord
106
white matter tracts in spinal cord
nerves grouped and go down dorsal, lateral, or ventral funiculi
107
root vs horn
roots exit the spinal cord with nerves, horns up/down are within the cord.
108
CNs with associated ganglia
5 - semilunar, 7- geniculate, 9- petrosal, 10 - jugular and nodose

Anatomy (16 decks)

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