endocrion and regenerachine

Question 1

regeneration

Answer 1

ability of fully developed organisms to regrow tissue

Question 2

repairative regeneration

Answer 2

healing wounds etc

Question 3

physiological regeneration

Answer 3

homeostatic ie RBC or skin cell, villi production

Question 4

more complexity means

Answer 4

less regen is possible

Question 5

epimorphosis

Answer 5

add-on regeneration, cells de-differentiate and form blastema, which respecializes to form new tissue (eg axolotl)

Question 6

morphallaxis

Answer 6

remodeling, existing tissue is repatterned but no blastema is formed. hydra can do this (grow back limbs)

Question 7

compensatory regeneration

Answer 7

cells divide at an elevated rate to form more tissue until tissue is restored ie human liver

Question 8

animals that can grow 2 animals if u cut them in half

Answer 8

starfish, planarian, hydra

Question 9

autotomy

Answer 9

used by animals when scared, tail regenerates

Question 10

urodele

Answer 10

amphibians who can use epimorphosis regenerate some spinal cord, limbs, retina and lens, jaw, teeth, tail, brain. the cells know what position the injury has and where they must grow

Question 11

some teleosts can regenerate..

Answer 11

heart, fins, teeth, skin

Question 12

mammals can regenerate

Answer 12

hair/spines, skin, sweat glands, villi, RBCs, liver, antlers etc

Question 13

lamprey regeneration

Answer 13

can heal spinal cord even if cut many times

Question 14

zebrafish regeneration

Answer 14

20% of heart can be taken and grow back in 2 months. leading epicardial edge of myocardium is dedifferentiated and heals from the outside. FGF genes help put new muscle without scarring

Question 15

mouse heart regen study

Answer 15

neonatal mice can take cardiomyocytes out of cell cycle and have them heal the heart instead of using blastema

Question 16

blastema

Answer 16

ball of dedifferentiated cells

Question 17

finger regen

Answer 17

in kids under 12 and some adults, 3rd phalange if cut off above nail bed and not bound can regenerate.

Question 18

regeneration time for villi

Answer 18

5 days

Question 19

tooth regen uses..

Answer 19

dental lamina

Question 20

how do monophyodont rodents do

Answer 20

they have stem cells at the base of their forever growing incisors.

Question 21

endocrine signals

Answer 21

slow transit, low concentration, long lasting effect, long distance, continuously produced during time of effect. derived from amino acids or cholesterol, some have carrier proteins to move thru blood

Question 22

paracrine signals

Answer 22

like endocrine but high concentrations over shorter distances. include embryonic morphogens, neurotransmitters, neurohormones (like GnRH)

Question 23

pineal gland

Answer 23

single unit central to brain, centered under roof of diencephalon

Question 24

pinealocytes

Answer 24

cells in pineal gland with melatonin secretion synced to circadian rhythm. evolved from photoreceptor cells.

Question 25

melatonin production induced via..

Answer 25

AANAT enzyme cyclically regulated by suprachiasmic nucleus (internal clock), and period genes for variation in seasons. SCN is regulated by light passing thru retinohypothalamic tract, change seasonally. for non mammals or birds, this is just directly controlled by light detected by pineal eye.

Question 26

suprachiasmic nucleus

Answer 26

SCN- internal clock. has slave oscillators it communicates with in organs to they know what time it is. This is true in mammals and birds.

Question 27

melatonin is made from..

Answer 27

tryptophan > serotonin > melatonin

Question 28

melatonin functions

Answer 28

regulates sleep, hormone levels, appetite, excretion, seasonal cycles, gonad development, reproductive cycles, suppresses libido, changes skin coloration and camoflage - in frogs, signals melanin to move to melanophores, lightening skin.

Question 29

lamprey accessory eyes

Answer 29

pineal and parietal eyes. strong light inhibits neurons, low light activates AANAT

Question 30

frog pineal

Answer 30

frontal organ/epiphysis/pineal visible as eye kinda

Question 31

squamate and sphenodon (tuatara) pineal

Answer 31

it is an eye, lens and retina are from the parietal. was discovered by leydig

Question 32

pineal in mammals

Answer 32

sunk into diencephalon, receptors connect it with the eyes

Question 33

endocrine system

Answer 33

2 dozen glands secrete things into fluids including blood, CSF, lymph. oldest system.

Question 34

pheromones

Answer 34

aerial communication btwn conspecifics

Question 35

allomones

Answer 35

communication btwn members of diff species, for example skunk spray

Question 36

autocrine

Answer 36

cell signals to itself

Question 37

endocrine glands include..

Answer 37

thyroid, parathyroid, pineal

Question 38

epiphysis

Answer 38

pineal gland

Question 39

tooth regeneration in fish and reptiles

Answer 39

stem cells come from dental lamina, new teeth form behind current one. in fish, they are continuously replaced, in reptiles they go through multiple sets.

Question 40

who has the least regenerative ability

Answer 40

mammals