Muscles

Question 1

types of muscles real quick

Answer 1

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

Question 2

skeletal muscle allll membranes

Answer 2

outer to inner.. epimysium contains fascicles covered by perimysium which are made of muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium which is made of muscle cells. There are also nerves and blood vessels in the perimysium (fascicle wrapping).

Question 3

2 types of skeletal muscles

Answer 3

slow twitch = type 1, more vascular, myoglobin, mitochondria, fatigue slowly.eg. dark meat. fast twitch = type 2, anaerobic energy (few mitochondria), rapid movement. eg. biceps, chicken breast, fish. Many muscles have both types of fiber.

Question 4

the zones of sarcomere contraction

Answer 4

h zone - just myosin, I band - just actin, A band - where they overlap, (those change during contraction), m band - midline, z line - outside

Question 5

heartbeat starts from..

Answer 5

sinoatrial node

Question 6

neuron starts AP by..

Answer 6

releasing acetylcholine to muscle receptor

Question 7

skeletal muscle cell features

Answer 7

multinucleate with peripheral nuclei, lots of mitochondria

Question 8

syncytium

Answer 8

cell with lots of nuclei (result of fusion)

Question 9

attachment sites of muscles

Answer 9

origin - proximal, stationary; insertion - distal, moves

Question 10

head muscle origin

Answer 10

head paraxial mesoderm and rostral somites

Question 11

smooth muscle origin

Answer 11

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 12

skeletal muscle origin

Answer 12

lateral plate mesoderm

Question 13

cardiac muscle traits

Answer 13

1 or 2 central nuclei, striated, branched (for density), lots of mitochondria. intercalated disks and gap junctions both connect cells so APs - small ions mostly - can move seamlessly. long APs = no tightening. have fasciae adherens to anchor actin and desmosomes to adhere to it

Question 14

t tubule

Answer 14

transverse tubule, in muscle cell, conducts APs

Question 15

path of AP in heart

Answer 15

sinoatrial node - atrioventricular node - purkinje fibers (bottom to top)

Question 16

who can regenerate cardiac muscle

Answer 16

zebrafish and axolotls

Question 17

smooth muscle is located..

Answer 17

lining gut, uterus, bladder, blood vessels, iris, and in a single cell layer in exocrine glands (myoepithelial tissue)

Question 18

smooth muscle features

Answer 18

mononucleate, no striations, found in layers or in a layer of 1 cell, has gap junctions

Question 19

epaxial muscles

Answer 19

dorsal section

Question 20

hypaxial muscles

Answer 20

ventral section

Question 21

muscle division evolution

Answer 21

agnathans - no division, teleosts - epaxial/hypaxial, epaxial splits in amphibians, more complex from then on

Question 22

stratum compactum in fish

Answer 22

acts as a big exotendon to transfer energy to the tail

Question 23

salamander epaxial muscles

Answer 23

epaxial split into interspinalis (connect adjacent vertebrae) and dorsalis trunci (segmented)

Question 24

epaxial in reptiles

Answer 24

split into transversospinalis, longissimus dorsi (neck to sacrum) and iliocostalis (sacrum to pelvis)

Question 25

birds and mammals epaxial

Answer 25

median to lateral.. spinalis dorsi from cervical or thoracic to lumbar, longissimus dorsi from caudal skull to transverse process of lumbar, iliocostalis - ribs to sacrum

Question 26

tetrapods hypaxial

Answer 26

subvertebral - deep, quadratus lumborum - bending spine, rectus abdominus - supports abdomen, lateral group: external and internal obliques, transversus abdominus, and intercostals

Question 27

fish muscle organization

Answer 27

hypaxial and epaxial separated by myoseptum, divided by myomeres, muscles arranged in blocks

Question 28

extrinsic ocular muscles and their innervations

Answer 28

superior, inferior, and medial recti, and inferior oblique = CN 3 (occulomotor), lateral rectus = CN 6 (abducens), superior oblique = CN 4 (trochlear)

Question 29

annulus of zinn/ common tendinous ring

Answer 29

convergence of superior and inferior obliques and palpebrae muscles behind the eye

Question 30

eyelid motion in birds and mammals

Answer 30

levator palpebrae superioris and depressor palpebrae inferioris - innervated by CN 3 (associated with the respective obliques)

Question 31

retractor bulbi

Answer 31

third eyelid

Question 32

ocular muscle devo origin

Answer 32

3, 4, 6th arches (mesoderm)

Question 33

eye and cranial nerve devo origin

Answer 33

neural crest

Question 34

branchial arches in vitro contain..

Answer 34

nerve, muscle, artery, cartilage, endoderm, and ectoderm

Question 35

mandibular arch innervation.

Answer 35

trigeminal nerve

Question 36

hyoid arch innervation

Answer 36

facial nerve (7)

Question 37

shark mandibular derived muscles

Answer 37

adductor mandibulae, levator palatoquadrati, spiracularis, preorbitalis (protract jaw), intermandibularis (constricts throat)

Question 38

spiracle

Answer 38

hole behind eyes in sharks, used for hearing and water flow over gills

Question 39

reptile/amphibian mandibular derived muscles

Answer 39

levator and protractor pterygoidi, adductor mandibulae and intermandibularis (air pumping in amphibians) kept from fish. no more spiracle or preorbitalis

Question 40

mammal mandibular derived muscles

Answer 40

adductor mandibulae becomes masseter and temporalis, pterygoideis, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini(ear muscles). intermandibularis becomes mylohyoideus and anterior digastric.

Question 41

hyoid derived muscles in sharks

Answer 41

levator hyomandibulae, dorsal and ventral hyoid constrictors, and interhyoideus (all to compress gill pouches)

Question 42

hyoid derived muscles in reptiles

Answer 42

dorsal constrictor split into depressor mandibuli (jaw movement in tetra.). and branchiohyoideus, sphincter coli closes throat

Question 43

hyoid derived muscles in mammals

Answer 43

interhyoides becomes stylohyoid and posterior digastric, constrictor become platysma (facial muscles - important for suckling). innervated by facial nerve (7)

Question 44

cardiac muscle origin

Answer 44

cardiogenic mesenchyme

Question 45

platysma

Answer 45

neck muscle used for facial expression

Question 46

muscles from branchiomeres 3-7 in sharks

Answer 46

cucullaris (fused levators of 3-7), superficial gill constrictors (dorsal and ventral), interarchuals, branchial adductor, interbranchials (all adduct gills)

Question 47

branchiomeres 3-7 innervation

Answer 47

glossopharyngeal (9) and vagus (10)

Question 48

branchiomeres 3-7 in tetrapods

Answer 48

culicullaris becomes sternocleidomastoid and trapezius for shoulder and neck to help head.

Question 49

hypobranchial muscles in sharks

Answer 49

come from trunk somites, help with jaw opening and expand pharynx for eating

Question 50

hypobranchial muscles in tetrapods

Answer 50

used for tongue and its movements

Question 51

cranial nerve 3

Answer 51

occulomotor

Question 52

cranial nerve 4

Answer 52

trochlear

Question 53

cranial nerve 6

Answer 53

abducens