Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

types of muscles real quick

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

skeletal muscle allll membranes

A

outer to inner.. epimysium contains fascicles covered by perimysium which are made of muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium which is made of muscle cells. There are also nerves and blood vessels in the perimysium (fascicle wrapping).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 types of skeletal muscles

A

slow twitch = type 1, more vascular, myoglobin, mitochondria, fatigue slowly.eg. dark meat. fast twitch = type 2, anaerobic energy (few mitochondria), rapid movement. eg. biceps, chicken breast, fish. Many muscles have both types of fiber.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the zones of sarcomere contraction

A

h zone - just myosin, I band - just actin, A band - where they overlap, (those change during contraction), m band - midline, z line - outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

heartbeat starts from..

A

sinoatrial node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

neuron starts AP by..

A

releasing acetylcholine to muscle receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

skeletal muscle cell features

A

multinucleate with peripheral nuclei, lots of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

syncytium

A

cell with lots of nuclei (result of fusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

attachment sites of muscles

A

origin - proximal, stationary; insertion - distal, moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

head muscle origin

A

head paraxial mesoderm and rostral somites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

smooth muscle origin

A

splanchnic mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

skeletal muscle origin

A

lateral plate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cardiac muscle traits

A

1 or 2 central nuclei, striated, branched (for density), lots of mitochondria. intercalated disks and gap junctions both connect cells so APs - small ions mostly - can move seamlessly. long APs = no tightening. have fasciae adherens to anchor actin and desmosomes to adhere to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

t tubule

A

transverse tubule, in muscle cell, conducts APs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

path of AP in heart

A

sinoatrial node - atrioventricular node - purkinje fibers (bottom to top)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

who can regenerate cardiac muscle

A

zebrafish and axolotls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

smooth muscle is located..

A

lining gut, uterus, bladder, blood vessels, iris, and in a single cell layer in exocrine glands (myoepithelial tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

smooth muscle features

A

mononucleate, no striations, found in layers or in a layer of 1 cell, has gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

epaxial muscles

A

dorsal section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hypaxial muscles

A

ventral section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

muscle division evolution

A

agnathans - no division, teleosts - epaxial/hypaxial, epaxial splits in amphibians, more complex from then on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stratum compactum in fish

A

acts as a big exotendon to transfer energy to the tail

23
Q

salamander epaxial muscles

A

epaxial split into interspinalis (connect adjacent vertebrae) and dorsalis trunci (segmented)

24
Q

epaxial in reptiles

A

split into transversospinalis, longissimus dorsi (neck to sacrum) and iliocostalis (sacrum to pelvis)

25
Q

birds and mammals epaxial

A

median to lateral.. spinalis dorsi from cervical or thoracic to lumbar, longissimus dorsi from caudal skull to transverse process of lumbar, iliocostalis - ribs to sacrum

26
Q

tetrapods hypaxial

A

subvertebral - deep, quadratus lumborum - bending spine, rectus abdominus - supports abdomen, lateral group: external and internal obliques, transversus abdominus, and intercostals

27
Q

fish muscle organization

A

hypaxial and epaxial separated by myoseptum, divided by myomeres, muscles arranged in blocks

28
Q

extrinsic ocular muscles and their innervations

A

superior, inferior, and medial recti, and inferior oblique = CN 3 (occulomotor), lateral rectus = CN 6 (abducens), superior oblique = CN 4 (trochlear)

29
Q

annulus of zinn/ common tendinous ring

A

convergence of superior and inferior obliques and palpebrae muscles behind the eye

30
Q

eyelid motion in birds and mammals

A

levator palpebrae superioris and depressor palpebrae inferioris - innervated by CN 3 (associated with the respective obliques)

31
Q

retractor bulbi

A

third eyelid

32
Q

ocular muscle devo origin

A

3, 4, 6th arches (mesoderm)

33
Q

eye and cranial nerve devo origin

A

neural crest

34
Q

branchial arches in vitro contain..

A

nerve, muscle, artery, cartilage, endoderm, and ectoderm

35
Q

mandibular arch innervation.

A

trigeminal nerve

36
Q

hyoid arch innervation

A

facial nerve (7)

37
Q

shark mandibular derived muscles

A

adductor mandibulae, levator palatoquadrati, spiracularis, preorbitalis (protract jaw), intermandibularis (constricts throat)

38
Q

spiracle

A

hole behind eyes in sharks, used for hearing and water flow over gills

39
Q

reptile/amphibian mandibular derived muscles

A

levator and protractor pterygoidi, adductor mandibulae and intermandibularis (air pumping in amphibians) kept from fish. no more spiracle or preorbitalis

40
Q

mammal mandibular derived muscles

A

adductor mandibulae becomes masseter and temporalis, pterygoideis, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini(ear muscles). intermandibularis becomes mylohyoideus and anterior digastric.

41
Q

hyoid derived muscles in sharks

A

levator hyomandibulae, dorsal and ventral hyoid constrictors, and interhyoideus (all to compress gill pouches)

42
Q

hyoid derived muscles in reptiles

A

dorsal constrictor split into depressor mandibuli (jaw movement in tetra.). and branchiohyoideus, sphincter coli closes throat

43
Q

hyoid derived muscles in mammals

A

interhyoides becomes stylohyoid and posterior digastric, constrictor become platysma (facial muscles - important for suckling). innervated by facial nerve (7)

44
Q

cardiac muscle origin

A

cardiogenic mesenchyme

45
Q

platysma

A

neck muscle used for facial expression

46
Q

muscles from branchiomeres 3-7 in sharks

A

cucullaris (fused levators of 3-7), superficial gill constrictors (dorsal and ventral), interarchuals, branchial adductor, interbranchials (all adduct gills)

47
Q

branchiomeres 3-7 innervation

A

glossopharyngeal (9) and vagus (10)

48
Q

branchiomeres 3-7 in tetrapods

A

culicullaris becomes sternocleidomastoid and trapezius for shoulder and neck to help head.

49
Q

hypobranchial muscles in sharks

A

come from trunk somites, help with jaw opening and expand pharynx for eating

50
Q

hypobranchial muscles in tetrapods

A

used for tongue and its movements

51
Q

cranial nerve 3

A

occulomotor

52
Q

cranial nerve 4

A

trochlear

53
Q

cranial nerve 6

A

abducens

Anatomy (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions