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BDS2 BAMS > Skin and Soft Tissue Infections > Flashcards

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways to classify soft tissue infection

A

by microbe
- bacteria; fungi; virus

by anatomy
- superficial; deeper tissue

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2
Q

basic description of S.aureus

A

Gram positive cocci

Clump together under light microscope

From pus from skin infection

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3
Q

virulence factor of S.aureus

A

Panton Valentine Leucocidin toxin
- PVL toxin

Attacks white cells

Punch outer cell membrane of epithelial cells

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4
Q

2 disease types of S.aureus

A

pyogenic (pus producing)

toxin mediated (signs and symptoms due to particular toxins made, e.g. endotoxins)

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5
Q

pyogenic disease caused by S.aureus

A

Boils, carbuncles

Wound infections

Abscesses

Impetigo

Mastitis

Pneumonia

Endocarditis

Bacteraemia

Osteomyelitis

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6
Q

toxin mediated diseases caused by S.aureus

A

Scaled skin syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome

Food poisoning

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7
Q

basic structure of S.pyogenes

A

e.g. Group A streptococcal infection (pus forming)

Chains (not clumps like grapes)

Gram positive

Haemolysis around colonies (white dots)
- Beta haemolysis – clearing

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8
Q

virulence factor of S.pyogenes

A

Superantigens

Present as Toxic Shock Syndrome

Production of particular antigen 
- Effect of it on immune system is disproportional 
- Bypass some of the usual controls 
Innocuous injury 
- Small amount of toxin – over react to

If don’t treat the pt quickly they will have disease progression

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9
Q

classic presentation/disease of S.pyogenes

A

cellulitis

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10
Q

basic description of S.anginosus

A

Gram positive

Chains

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11
Q

virulence factor of S.anginosus

A

intermedilysin (cytotoxin)

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12
Q

disease of S.anginosus

A

acute dental absecess

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13
Q

example of an anaerobe

A

Clostridium perfringens

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14
Q

basic structure of anaerobes

A

purple rice shaped structures (rods/bacilli)

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15
Q

virulence factor of anaerobes

A

Alpha toxin(lecithinase)

Enzyme breaks down fatty acid in outer cell membrane
- Allows infection to spread
The nagler reaction
- Coat plate with egg white, streaks across top, inhibition of lecthinase proves C.perfringens is present

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16
Q

example of a virus

A

herpes simplex group

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17
Q

basic structure of herpes simplex group

A

DNA virus

envelope around
- fried egg virus

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18
Q

virulence factor of herpes simplex group

A

cell lysis

- part of virus life cycle when activated it causes cell lysis

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19
Q

disease of herpes simplex group

A

cold sores

genital herpes

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20
Q

what is candida albicans

A

fungi

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21
Q

basic structure of canidida albicans

A

Yeast cells with hyphae

- 10 times bigger than bacteria

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22
Q

virulence factor of candida albicans

A

Phospholipase

- Breaks down phospholipids found in cell membrane

23
Q

disease caused by candid albicans

A

Oropharyngeal candidiasis, vulvovaginal (genital) candidiasis and invasive candidiasis (candidemia)

24
Q

epidermis infections are

A

superficial

25
Q

examples of superficial epidermis infections

A

Impetigo and angular cheilitis (only Angle of the mouth)
- Crusted lesion
- Group A streptococci common cause
- Staph aureus also
Outbreaks can occur in nursery
- Need quick diagnosis and appropriate control

Chicken pox
- varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
Herpes zoster – shingles, reactivation in later life
- Scratchy, itchy – get secondary infections
—–Staph aureus

Herpes infection of skin used to be common occupational hazard for dentists

26
Q

common cause of impetigo or angular chellitis

A
  • Group A streptococci common cause

- Staph aureus also

27
Q

clinical presentation of impetigo/angular chellitis

A

crusted lesion

28
Q

what causes chicken pox

A

varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

Herpes zoster – shingles, reactivation in later life

29
Q

what are the 2 secondary issues of chicken pox

A

Herpes zoster – shingles, reactivation in later life

Scratchy, itchy – get secondary infections
- Staph aureus

30
Q

example of dermis infection

A

Erysipelas

Facial – butterfly rash

Common cause: group A strep

Often swab and fail to recover a pathogen
- Innocuous injury which causes widespread reaction

31
Q

common cause of Erysipelas

A

group A strep

32
Q

clinical presentation of Erysipelas

A

facial butterfly rash

33
Q

3 diseases of hair follicles

A

Folliculitis

Boils (furuncle)

Carbuncles

34
Q

cause of folliculitis

A

Staph aureus

35
Q

cause of boils (furuncle)

A

Deeper seated infection

Staph aureus

36
Q

cause of carbuncles

A

deeper seated infection with multiple heads in same area

staph aureus
hard to treat

37
Q

disease of subcutaneous fat

A

cellulitis

38
Q

causes of cellulitis

A

group A strep

staph aureus

more severe cases:
- Strep pyogenes
- Staph aureus 
- Introduce anaerobes
Depends on nature and extent of minor injury
- Dirty, puncture
39
Q

clinical measurement tool for cellulitis

A

Objective marker part of medical/surgical assessment
- Edge of area of redness

Idea of spreading or receding infection

40
Q

what causes severe odontogenic infections

A

mixture of anaerobes

41
Q

disease of fascia

A

Necrotising fasciitis

42
Q

what is Necrotising fasciitis

A

Combination of subcutaneous fat and tissue overlying muscles

43
Q

what can occur in Necrotising fasciitis

A

gas gangrene

- pockets of gas and fluid produced with clostridium infection

44
Q

what is the optimal treatment of Necrotising fasciitis

A

combination: antibiotics and debridement

- Neither will cure/manage on its own

45
Q

diseases of muscle

A

myonecrosis
- gas gangrene too

gangrene

46
Q

cause of myonecrosis

A

clostridium perfingens

47
Q

common infection of surgical/post op wounds

A

staph aureus

48
Q

clinical appearance of surgical/post op wounds

A

red
swollen
painful

49
Q

possible infectors of human bite wound infection

A

mixed anaerobes

50
Q

possible infectors of animal bite wound infections

A

gram negative

Pasteurella multicoda

51
Q

treatment principles for soft tissue infections

A

History and examination

Special investigation

Record provisional and diagnosis in notes

Combination Treatment: SURGICAL DEBRIDEMENT AND ANTIBIOTICS

Need both medicine and incision and drainage to certain of pus

Review

52
Q

what is Empiric prescribing

A 
Good guess of main causative MO outside head and neck
----Group A streptococcal (S.pyogenes)
-----Staph aureus 
------Anaerobes
Antibiotic for each 
Severe od
- Strep anginosus
- Anaerobes
Cannot take antibiotics orally 
IV penicillin
53
Q

what is the advantage of a narrow spectrum over a broad spectrum antibiotic? (penicillin V over amoxycillin)

A

only work on oral flora unlike broad spectrum

- likely be less resistance

BDS2 BAMS (54 decks)

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