Immune Therapies Flashcards
what is the main reason for immune therapies
therapeutic benefit
what 3 things promote protective immune responses
vaccination
fight tumours
treat immunocompromised patients
what conventional and targeted immune therapies are used to suppress unwanted immune responses
chronic inflammation
autoimmunity
allergy
4 reasons why we vaccinate
Most effective strategy to prevent infectious disease
- Second to clean drinking water
Promote human health
Primary aim to induce immunity in individuals
- Vaccines given to healthy people to keep them healthy
Successful programmes protect entire communities and populations
- E.g. eradication of small pox
what 6 vaccines are included in the UK six in one vaccine
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Polio
Hib
Hepatitis B
pertussis
whooping cough
bacterial disease
tetanus
life threatening muscle spasms
from deep cut/animal bite
booster every 10 years
polio
virus affecting nervous system
- paralysis
- can be asymptomatic
Hib
bacterial – severe infection, sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia
12 diseases protected against by UK vaccination programme
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Polio
Hib
Hepatitis B
MenB and MenC
Rotavirus
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)
measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
seasonal flu
human papilloma virus (HPV)
what is key to national immunisation programmes effectiveness
public trust
need to maintain high % vaccinated in population to keep rates low
vaccines are safe and effective but not completely risk free
- adverse effects can occur
evolution of immunisation
Disease is increasing
Vaccine increase
- Disease fall
Increase in perceived or real adverse events
- public awareness of vaccine diminish
- Not seeing disease thus not aware of risks associated with disease
- Risk of immunisation with vaccine will decrease as cannot see side effects of disease
Outbreaks can increase awareness of disease risk
herd immunity
to have complete protection from exposure need 95% coverage of the vaccine in the population to keep levels low
MMR need 2 doses to be effective
ethical dilemma - should vaccines be made compulsory
- lose autonomy
- protection of greater good
how do vaccines work
Replicate immunity from natural infection without illness
Replicate adaptive immunity and generate long-term immunological memory
induction of protective long term immunity
Epithelial barrier cuts
- Skin, Respiratory tract
Adaptive Immunity
- Engulf pathogen
Degrade it and present bits of pathogen on surface
T cells recognise part of antigen
- Proliferate and different into effective t cells
B cell recognise pathogen
- B activation
- —Make IgM antibodies
- —Non specific
- —Not that effective at clearing infection
Need an activated effector T cell to help B cell
- B cell can differentiate to plasma cell
- Antibody class switching
- —High affinity IgG antibodies
- —Effective at clearing infection
Have small population of long-lived memory cells
- respond immediately next time, not take 7-10 days
induction of highly specific antibody to natural infection is key becuase
No Adaptive immunity
- Time for B cells and IgM
—–Takes longer to get B and T cell talk to have class switching
- Then make IgG
—–Sufficiently high affinity to clear infection
Most plasma cells die - some remain
Production of high affinity IgG cells first is quicker as of innate immune memory
what is the most important goal for vaccination
Production of high affinity IgG represents the most important goal of vaccination
try and generate memory
No adaptive immunity
straight to innate immune memory
primary response by immune system to disease
Low specificity IgM produced first
High specificity IgG takes longer
- Requires T cell help
secondary response by immune system to disease
More rapid
More effective
High specificity IgG produced by long-lived plasma cells
vaccination aims to
reproduce immunity to natural infections without causing disease
vaccination involves
exposing our immune system to disease causing microbial antigens but without causing disease
what are virulence factors
are the molecules expressed by bacteria that help them attach, invade and replicate within our tissues
basically, they are disease-causing factors and these are the bits of microbes that stimulate our immune system
- recognises virulence factors as non-self antigens
and if those virulence factors are conserved structural components – such as bits of Gram negative cell wall (LPS) or Gram positive cell wall (peptidoglycan) or even viral RNA then they are recognised by and activate our innate immune response
but if they specific for a particular pathogen – e.g. a specific receptors expressed by the chicken pox virus or a bacterial toxin – they will activate our adaptive immune response.
So, our immune response has to encounter the disease causing factors in order to mount an immune response
the dilemma then is how to expose the immune system to those disease-causing factors without causing disease
what does our immune response recognise virulence factors as
recognises virulence factors as non-self antigens
how are virulence factors that are conserved structural components recognised as
conserved structural components – such as bits of Gram negative cell wall (LPS) or Gram positive cell wall (peptidoglycan) or even viral RNA
then they are recognised by and activate our innate immune response
what are conserved structural component
such as bits of Gram negative cell wall (LPS) or Gram positive cell wall (peptidoglycan) or even viral RNA
how are virulence factors that are specific to antigens recognised by immune system
specific for a particular pathogen (e.g. a specific receptors expressed by the chicken pox virus or a bacterial toxin)
they will activate our adaptive immune response.
example of virulence factor that are specific to antigens
e.g. a specific receptors expressed by the chicken pox virus or a bacterial toxin
