Skill Acquisition Flashcards
Skill
This is a specific and defined task that can be learned and practiced
Closed skills
A skill performed in a predictable enviroment
Open skill
A skill performed in an unpredictable environment, where the performer has to react and adjust to the changing nature of the situation
Characteristics of a skill
LACE FACE
Learned,
aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
Fluent
Accurate
Controlled
Economical
Gross skill
A skill performed using large muscle groups
Fine skill
A skill that uses smaller more intricate muscle groups
Self paced/externally paced
When the performer controls/has no control the start and speed of the skill
What’s a discrete skill
One where it has a clear start and end
Continuous skill
Brings together discrete skills in a repetitive movement
Serial skill
Contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement
Simple/ complex skill
A skill that requires few decisions to be made when being performed
A skill that requires many decisions to be made when performed
Transfer learning definition
The effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another
What are the four types of transfer learning
Positive - When the learning of one skill helps another
Negative - When the learning of one skill hinders another
Zero - When the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
Bilateral - When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
How to maximise positive transfer
Highlight the similarities - uses similar muscles, actions and timing
Make sure the skill is well learned and is autonomous
Plan progressions and make sure that practice situation are realistic
Confident and motivated players
How can you prevent negative transfer
Highlight the differences and eliminate bad habits
Identify elements that might hinder transfer
Misunderstanding movements
Whole practise
Practising the skill in it’s entirety
Should be used when the skill is fast, closed, self paced and simple
Gives fluency a feel of the skill
Not for beginners, too much info, can fatigue, lose motivation
Whole part whole practise
Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practise, then putting the skill back together
To be used when the skill is complex, fast, difficult to isolate parts of the skill
Shows weakness, corrects it
However time consuming, if the first part is incorrect all is lost, negative transfer
Progressive parts
Practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually.
Should be used when skill is complex, serial, and externally paced
Keeps links between stages , reduces danger, reduces demand, focuses on weaknesses
However time consuming, if the first part is incorrect all is lost, negative transfer
Learning
A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practise
Performance
A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many extra and internal influences
What are the 3 stages of learning
Cognitive, associative and autonomous stage
What is the cognitive stage
You learn what is needed to complete the skill
Frequent errors occur
Attention to desicions and step by step procedures
Lots of thinking
Perform skill slowly
Requires feedback
What is the associative stage
A period of consolidation of correct or nearly correct movement responses
Learner begins to make use of intrinsic and kinaesthetic feedback
Begins to compare the performance to mental model
Begins to pay attention to concurrent feedback
Begin to use more complex and detailed cues
Learned performs the skill under various situations
What is the best way to learn the cognitive stage
Have skill demonstrated - ensure visual aid and mental picture
Allow time for practise and by re demonstrating the skill
Don’t overload learner with info
What happens in the autonomous stage
Sequencing and timing of subroutines is automatic, less conscious attention
Process large chunks of information that occurs without their attention
Performer analysing own performance and adjust own actions
High levels of smoothness efficiency accuracy and performed without stress
Causes of plateau
Loss of motivation
Poor coaching
Limits of the ability of the performer are reached
Goals/targets are set too low
Fatigue both mentally and physically
What is the features insight learning (Gestalt)
1.) preparation - Can’t solve the problem initially, data gathering
2.) Incubation - problem put on hold, problem worked on unconsciously
3.) Insight - Suddenly there is a mental representation of solution
4.) Verification - solution checked
What is the features insight learning (Gestalt)
1.) preparation - Can’t solve the problem initially, data gathering
2.) Incubation - problem put on hold, problem worked on unconsciously
3.) Insight - Suddenly there is a mental representation of solution
4.) Verification - solution checked
Advantages to insight learning
The learner learns new skills through experiencing the whole task
- Part learning is not effective
- Kinaesthesis and the flow of the task are maintained
- There is a greater understanding of the skill as the athlete has to use their own cognitive processes to solve the problem – this means there is a greater understanding and therefore retention of the skill. Implications for coaches – pose questions to the athlete don’t just tell them what to do.
- They use their insight and adapt to sporting situations.
- Allows the athlete to be creative and develop their own strategies and tactics.
What is insight learning - social
This is the learning or problem solving that happens all of a sudden through understanding the relationships of various parts of a problem rather than through trial and error
What is operant conditioning skinner
This is also known as trial and error learning, it shapes behaviour and the environment is manipulated to promote a certain behaviour. And behaviour is shaped by reinforcement .
Operant conditioning based on Skinner’s work is the use of reinforcement to ensure the correct responses are repeated.
Characterised by 3 principles
Trial and error learning
The coach might manipulate the environment
Behaviour shaped by reinforcement S-R bond
What four processes must a coach use to copy a model demonstration (Bandura observational learning)
Bandura suggests that the performer needs to
ARMM
Attention - watch demonstration
Retention - chance to practice
M - Motor production - must be physically and psychologically capable
Motivation - Internal and external motivators
What is the social development theory (vygotski) about
According to Vygotsky, social interaction plays a key role in an individual’s development. You build on what you know already, (hence constructivism = build), and you can learn from others who are more experienced and skilled
What is the role of social interaction
Inter-psychological learning – happens before development. The performer learns from people they interact with.
• Intra-psychological learning – Learning takes place within the learner.
• the performer thinks about what they can do on their own and what they have learnt from others.
• More knowledgeable other (MKO) – a person who has a greater understanding of the skill/task than you do and can offer technical advice and feedback.
• Zone of proximal development -
Stage 1 – what can I do on my own (independently)? Stage 2 – what can I do with the help of a MKO?
Stage 3 – What can I not do yet?
