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A Level PE HX > Linear / Angular Motion > Flashcards

Linear / Angular Motion Flashcards

1
Q

What is Newtons law of Linear Motion

A

Linear motion is motion in a straight or curved line
This all body parts moving at the same speed in the same direction

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2
Q

What’s a scalar quantity

A

Has only magnitude

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3
Q

What’s a vector quantity

A

Has both magnitude and direction

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4
Q

What is weight

A

Force on a given mass due to gravity. Measured in Newtons (N) its a unit of force. To calculate weight; mass X gravity = weight.

Weight is a vector

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5
Q

What is distance

A

Measured in metres. The path a body takes as it moves from the starting to finishing position.

It’s a scalar quantity

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6
Q

What is displacement

A

Measured in metres. Shortest route in a straight line between start and finish position.
Vector quantity

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7
Q

What is speed

A

Scalar
Can be defined as the rate of change of a position
Can be calculated:
Speed = distance/time

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8
Q

What’s velocity

A

How fast a body travels in a certain direction.

Displacement/ time

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9
Q

What is acceleration

A

The rate of change of velocity

When velocity increases, positive acceleration occurs. When velocity decreases, negative acceleration occurs.

Av acceleration = change in velocity/ time

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10
Q

What is momentum

A

The product of mass and velocity of an object.

Momentum(Kim/s) = mass x velocity

It is a vector

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11
Q

What is conservation of momentum

A

Momentum can also be conserved.

This occurs when a performer or object is in flight. When in flight neither mass nor velocity can be altered.

Mass is constant (unchanged).

Velocity can only be altered by external forces Such as gravity and air resistance.

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12
Q

What is a force and what are the two types

A

A force will change a body’s state of motion.
There are 2 types of force;
-Internal Force: Generated by the skeletal muscle

-External Force: Comes from outside the body

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13
Q

What’s internal forces

A

Generated by the skeletal muscle

E.g The force here is generated by the gastrocnemius, quadriceps and gluteals that contract concentrically to plantarflex the ankle & extend the knee and hip in a jump.

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14
Q

What is external forces

A

Comes from outside the body

For example:
Friction, air resistance and weight.

Gravity is an external force, but is described as weight. Weight is the gravitational force that pulls a body downwards.

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15
Q

What is vertical forces

A

Gravity / weight and reaction

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16
Q

What’s horizontal forces

A

Friction and air resistance

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17
Q

What’s reaction force

A

there is always a reaction force when two bodies are in contact with each other.

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18
Q

What does static mean in horizontal force

A

Force exerted when there is no motion between 2 surfaces

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19
Q

What does sliding mean in horizontal forces

A

When 2 bodies in contact have a tendency to slip/slide over.

E.g running

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20
Q

Where are the friction arrows drawn

A

friction opposes motion, an arrow is therefore drawn in the opposite direction to the slipping, usually in the same direction as the motion.

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21
Q

What is friction affected by

A

The roughness of the surface: The rougher the surface, the greater the friction. Athletics spikes increase friction; maximise acceleration.

2) The mass of an object: The greater the mass, the greater the friction: Think mountain biking, up a muddy hill; stand up over front driving wheel for better grip!

3) Temperature of the 2 surfaces: Increase in temperature, reduces the friction. Think about sweeping in curling.

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22
Q

What is air resistance

A

A force that acts in the opposite direction to the motion of a body travelling through the ai

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23
Q

What is air resistance affected by

A

The velocity of the moving body:
The faster an object is moving, the more it is subject to air resistance.

The frontal cross-sectional area of the moving body:
The larger the cross sectional the greater the effects of air resistance.

3) The shape and surface characteristics of the moving body:
Streamlined shape = less resistance, as does a smooth surface.

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24
Q

What is friction

A

a force starts from where the 2 bodies are in contact and is opposite to the direction of any potential slipping. It is drawn in the same direction as motion.

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25
Q

What is net force

A

This is the resultant force acting on a body when all other forces have been considered.

Net force is often discussed as balanced / unbalanced forces.

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26
Q

What happens when friction is more than air resistance

A

Acceleration

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27
Q

How can a high jumper be represented in a vector

A

A high jumper will generate a large internal force from the muscles in the leg to create a big reaction force. This will help them achieve vertical displacement (height).

Steep line

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28
Q

How can a long jumper be represented in a vector diagram

A

A long jumper will generate a large internal force from the muscles in the leg to create a large horizontal force to generate a large horizontal distance.

Less steep line

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29
Q

Sketch a force time graph for the start middle and end of a race

A
30
Q

How is impulse linked to momentum

A

If the impulse increases so to does the rate of change of momentum.
This will cause a large change in velocity.

31
Q

How can the performer use impulse to increase speed

A

Increase the amount of internal muscular force applied.

2) Increase the amount of time in which the force is applied (E.G: hammer spin, 3-4 times in circle)

32
Q

How can the performer use impulse to decrease speed

A

Increase the time that a force acts on the body/object.
E.G: Absorbing landing in gymnastics.
E.G: Pushing feet into ground at end of 60m sprint.

33
Q

What does angular motion refer to

A

Angular motion is movement of a body in a circular path around an axis of rotation

It refers to rotation.

ST FS TL

Angular motion can involve the whole body Or just an arm or leg

34
Q

When does angular motion occur

A

Angular motion occurs when a force is applied
outside the centre of mass.

An off-centre force is referred to as an eccentric force.

35
Q

What’s an eccentric force

A

A force applied outside the centre of mass

36
Q

What are the axis of rotation

A

Transverse

Sagittal

Longitudinal

37
Q

What movement is sagittal axis

A

Stomach

Cartwheel

38
Q

What movement is transverse axis

A

Side to side

Somersault

39
Q

What movement is with the longitudinal axis

A

Top to bottom

Ice skating spin

40
Q

What is a Torque (moment of force)

A

Torque is the turning force.
It causes an object to turn about its axis of rotation. It is dependant on 2 things

1) The greater the size of the force the greater the torque.

2) Application of the same force further away from the axis will increase torque

41
Q

How to increase the moment of force

A

It depends of where you apply the force

If you exert a force close to he fulcrum you have to apply a greater force

42
Q

How to calculate the moment of force/ torque (Nm)

A

Force (N) X perpendicular distance from fulcrum (M)

The moment of force can either be an effort or resistance arm

43
Q

What’s Newton’s first law of angular motion

A

Every body continues in it’s state of rest or will turn about its axis of rotation unless changed that state by an external force (torque) acting upon it

44
Q

How to calculate angular momentum

A

Moment of inertia x angular velocity

45
Q

What is moment if inertia

A

Moment of inertia is the resistance of a body to change it’s state of angular motion or rotation

46
Q

What is factors affecting moment of inertia

A

Mass - greater mass = greater moment of inertia

Distribution of mass from axis - Further distribution of mass from axis = greater MI

closer = smaller MI

47
Q

What is the relationship between moment of inertia and angular velocity

A

If moment of inertia is low angular velocity is high

If moment of inertia is high angular velocity is low

48
Q

What’s Newton’s second law of angular motion

A

The rate of change of angular momentum (acceleration) of a body is proportional to the force (torque) causing it and the change that takes place in the direction which the force (torque) acts.

49
Q

What’s Newton’s third law of angular motion

A

When a force (torque) is applied by one body to another, the second body will exert an equal and opposite force (torque) on the other body

50
Q

What’s angular displacement

A

This is the smallest change in angle between the starting and finishing point.

51
Q

What’s angular displacement measured in

A

Angular displacement is measured in degrees or radians 1 radian = 57.3 degrees

52
Q

What’s angular velocity

A

Refers to the rotational speed of an object and the axis about which the object is rotating.

53
Q

How is angular velocity calculated

A

Angular velocity (rad/s) = Angular displacement (rad) /Time taken (s)

54
Q

What is angular acceleration and how is it calculated

A

Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity

Angular acceleration (rad/s2) =
Change in angular velocity (rads/s) / Time taken (s)

55
Q

What’s projectile motion

A

Refers to the movement of either an object (shot/shuttle) or the human body as it travels through the air.

56
Q

Factors affecting horizontal displacement of a projectile

A

Angle of release

Velocity of release

Height of release

57
Q

How does the angle of release determine the horizontal displacement of a projectile

A

Where release height and landing are the same: optimum = 45 degrees.

Where release height is greater than landing height: optimum = less than 45 degrees

Where release height is below landing height: optimum = greater than 45 degrees

58
Q

What is the relationship between velocity and horizontal displacement

A

An increase in velocity will increase horizontal displacement

59
Q

What are the factors that affect flight paths of different projectiles

A

Weight and air resistance

60
Q

Describe the flight of a shot put

A

With shot put, it has a large mass so the weight arrow is longer than air resistance.
Air resistance has small arrow

61
Q

Describe the flight of a shuttlecock

A

it is affected by air resistance Object veers away from parabolic path
Forms an asymmetrical or distorted parabola

shuttle starts off with high velocity due to force of racket.

62
Q

What’s a dynamic fluid force

A

Concerned with the movement of liquids and gases. - Drag and lift are dynamic fluid forces.

63
Q

What is a drag force

A

A drag force will slow something down.
• Drag is a resistance force.
• Drag is caused by a body travelling through a fluid.
A drag force will slow something down.
• Drag is a resistance force.
• Drag is caused by a body travelling through a fluid.
• Drag acts in opposition to the direction of motion.
• Drag has a negative effect on velocity.• Drag acts in opposition to the direction of motion. • Drag has a negative effect on velocity.

64
Q

What’s surface drag

A

Friction between surface of an object and the fluid environment”

65
Q

What’s Form drag

A

Relates to the impact of the fluid environment on an object……Forces affecting the leading edge of an object increases form drag……Forces affecting the trailing edge of an object reduces form drag”

Relates to streamlining

66
Q

What’s streamlining

A

Shaping a body so it can move through fluid effectively and quickly.

Streamlined bodies incorporate a ‘gradual taper’.

The streamlined shape allows air to move past in layers. Enables air to flow smoothly.
Reduces fluid drag.

67
Q

What’s turbulent flow

A

flow in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations, or mixing, constantly undergoing changes in magnitude and direction.

It increases friction & fluid drag and decreases velocity.

68
Q

What’s laminar flow

A

Layers of fluid flow slide smoothly over one another. They undertake smooth paths, or layers.

Less resistant to movement.

69
Q

Factors that affect air resistance

A

Velocity of the moving body.

2) The cross-sectional area of the moving body.

3) The shape/surface of the moving body.

70
Q

How do cyclists decrease drag / increase velocity

A

Helmet: designed to encourage laminar flow.

Bike: lightweight carbon fibre frame, aerodynamic features.

Body position: Head over the bars, low over front wheel, arms tucked.

Clothing: Compressed clothing.

A Level PE HX (17 decks)

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