Info Processing

Question 1

What is the simple information processing model

Answer 1

Input — decision making — output

Question 2

What is the input stage of simple information processing

Answer 2

Information picked up by senses

Environment / display

Sensory organs / receptor systems

Detection part of DCR

Question 3

What is involved in the decision making stage of whitings model of information processing

Answer 3

Perceptual mechanisms
- Include DCR process
- selective attention

Translatory mechanisms

Question 4

What is involved in the output stage of whitings model of information processing

Answer 4

Effector mechanisms
Muscular system
Output data
Feedback data

Question 5

What is whitings model of information processing

Answer 5

Input, decisión making and output

Question 6

What is selective attention

Answer 6

Ability to select relevant information from irrelevant information

Concentrate on relevant information

Prevents overload of information

Question 7

How long does the short term sensory store last

Answer 7

1/2 a second or less

Question 8

What happens due to poor selective attention

Answer 8

A skill may break down at the input stage due to poor selective attention.

● This will happen if….
- there is too much information (information overload)
-The performer is unable to focus
-The performer loses concentration
-The performer focuses on irrelevant information

Question 9

What is the order of whitings model

Answer 9

Environment

2. Display
3. Sensory organs/receptor systems
4. Perceptual Mechanisms
   (include DCR process and selective attention)
5. Translatory mechanisms
6. Effector mechanisms
7. Muscular systems
8. Output data
9. Feedback data

Question 10

Strategies to improve selective attention

Answer 10

Practice to know relevant cues and filter irrelevant

Focus

Mental rehearsal

Improve fitness levels

Warm up

Gain optimal arousal levels

Anticipation

Question 11

Benefits of selective attention

Answer 11

Prevents info overload by filtering out distractions

Allows player to focus on specific aspects of a task

Helps working memory system which has limited capacity

Speeds up decision making

Improves reaction time

Question 12

Definition of info processing

Answer 12

The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised

Question 13

What are the functions of the perceptual mechanisms

Answer 13

•A judgement is made regarding the incoming information received by the sense organs.

•Includes the DCR process
detection - receive cues;
comparison - cues compared with those already stored in the memory system;
recognition - understand what response is required based on the stored memories.

Selective attention occurs. Only the relevant information is acted upon, while the irrelevant information is disregarded.

Question 14

What are the functions of the effector mechanisms?

Answer 14

Decision is put into action by sending impulses to the relevant working muscles in order to carry out the movement.

Question 15

What are the functions of the central executive?

Answer 15

Maintains overall control
• Links with the long-term memory
• Focuses and switches attention
• Identifies which information goes to which subsystem.

Question 16

What is the episodic buffer

Answer 16

Co ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long term memory

Question 17

What are the characteristics and functions of the working memory?

Answer 17

Receives the relevant information that has been filtered away from the irrelevant by selective attention

• Limited capacity - stores 7 +/- 2 items

• Limited duration - up to approximately 30 seconds

• Practice/rehearsal required to transfer to and store information in the LTM

• Produces a memory trace

• Compares information to that stored in the LTM

• Initiates the motor programme

Question 18

Define movement time

Answer 18

time from the onset of the movement to the completion of the task

Question 19

define response time

Answer 19

Response time is reaction time plus movement time - time from the onset of the stimulus to the completion of the task

Question 20

Define reaction time

Answer 20

time from the onset of the stimulus to the onset of then response

Question 21

Define anticipation and explain the difference between temporal and spatial anticipation.

Answer 21

Anticipation - predicting that a movement will happen before it occurs

Temporal - predicting when the action will be performed
Spatial - predicting what action is going to be performed and where

Question 22

What is Schmidt scheme theory

Answer 22

A clustered motor programme that can be adapted to suit the situation.

The brain is unable to store and retrieve ever individual pass seperately in the LTM.

Instead, we store schema - a generalised motor programme that allows the performer to adapt their skills and transfer experiences of one skill to another.

Experienced performers adapt skills and transfer them into the current situation even if the parameters of the new movement are different.

Question 23

What are the functions of recall schemas

Answer 23

Stores information about the movement

• Initiates the movement

• Includes:
• initial conditions
• response specifications

Question 24

What are the functions of recognition schemas?

Answer 24

Controls the movement
• Evaluates the movement

• Includes:
• sensory consequences
• response outcome

Question 25

Schmidt’s schema theory is based on four sources of information, called parameters, which are used to modify motor programmes. Explain these four sources of information.

Answer 25

Recall:
Knowledge of initial conditions - gathering info about whether you have been in this or a similar situation before e.g. taking a penalty, remember being here before.

Knowledge of response specifications - based on initial conditions, you decide what movement to perform e.g. I will shoot low and hard to the left corner.

Recognition:
Knowledge of performance - gathering info
about the movement using intrinsic feedback or kinesthesis e.g. as I take the penalty I feel my knee extend and I placed enough power on the shot.

Knowledge of results - gathering info concerning the result of the movement e.g. did I score? Successful or unsuccessful.

Question 26

How can a coach organise practices to enable a schema to develop?

Answer 26

Practice to be varied and avoid massed practice.

Include plenty of info.

Should have feedback.

Realistic to the game.

Include transferable elements.

Become more challenging and difficult.

Question 27

How to develop schemas

Answer 27

Ensure practice is variable to build a range of experience.

Ensure practiced skills are transferable from training to the game situation.

Give feedback to continuously help to improve skills.

Give praise and positive reinforcement.

Practice a range of skills until they are well learned

Question 28

What’s hicks law

Answer 28

The more choices we have the slower reaction time

Question 29

What’s single channel hypothesis

Answer 29

The brain can only process one stimulus at a time
• Limited capacity
• One stimulus needs to be processed before another can be acted on.

This causes a delay - Psychological refractory period

Question 30

What are the different senses used in sport

Answer 30

External
Sight
Auditory senses

Internal
Touch
Balance
Kinesthesis