Info Processing Flashcards
What is the simple information processing model
Input — decision making — output
What is the input stage of simple information processing
Information picked up by senses
Environment / display
Sensory organs / receptor systems
Detection part of DCR
What is involved in the decision making stage of whitings model of information processing
Perceptual mechanisms
- Include DCR process
- selective attention
Translatory mechanisms
What is involved in the output stage of whitings model of information processing
Effector mechanisms
Muscular system
Output data
Feedback data
What is whitings model of information processing
Input, decisión making and output
What is selective attention
Ability to select relevant information from irrelevant information
Concentrate on relevant information
Prevents overload of information
How long does the short term sensory store last
1/2 a second or less
What happens due to poor selective attention
A skill may break down at the input stage due to poor selective attention.
● This will happen if….
- there is too much information (information overload)
-The performer is unable to focus
-The performer loses concentration
-The performer focuses on irrelevant information
What is the order of whitings model
Environment
- Display
- Sensory organs/receptor systems
- Perceptual Mechanisms
(include DCR process and selective attention) - Translatory mechanisms
- Effector mechanisms
- Muscular systems
- Output data
- Feedback data
Strategies to improve selective attention
Practice to know relevant cues and filter irrelevant
Focus
Mental rehearsal
Improve fitness levels
Warm up
Gain optimal arousal levels
Anticipation
Benefits of selective attention
Prevents info overload by filtering out distractions
Allows player to focus on specific aspects of a task
Helps working memory system which has limited capacity
Speeds up decision making
Improves reaction time
Definition of info processing
The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised
What are the functions of the perceptual mechanisms
•A judgement is made regarding the incoming information received by the sense organs.
•Includes the DCR process
detection - receive cues;
comparison - cues compared with those already stored in the memory system;
recognition - understand what response is required based on the stored memories.
Selective attention occurs. Only the relevant information is acted upon, while the irrelevant information is disregarded.
What are the functions of the effector mechanisms?
Decision is put into action by sending impulses to the relevant working muscles in order to carry out the movement.
What are the functions of the central executive?
Maintains overall control
• Links with the long-term memory
• Focuses and switches attention
• Identifies which information goes to which subsystem.
What is the episodic buffer
Co ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long term memory
What are the characteristics and functions of the working memory?
Receives the relevant information that has been filtered away from the irrelevant by selective attention
• Limited capacity - stores 7 +/- 2 items
• Limited duration - up to approximately 30 seconds
• Practice/rehearsal required to transfer to and store information in the LTM
• Produces a memory trace
• Compares information to that stored in the LTM
• Initiates the motor programme
Define movement time
time from the onset of the movement to the completion of the task
define response time
Response time is reaction time plus movement time - time from the onset of the stimulus to the completion of the task
Define reaction time
time from the onset of the stimulus to the onset of then response
Define anticipation and explain the difference between temporal and spatial anticipation.
Anticipation - predicting that a movement will happen before it occurs
Temporal - predicting when the action will be performed
Spatial - predicting what action is going to be performed and where
What is Schmidt scheme theory
A clustered motor programme that can be adapted to suit the situation.
The brain is unable to store and retrieve ever individual pass seperately in the LTM.
Instead, we store schema - a generalised motor programme that allows the performer to adapt their skills and transfer experiences of one skill to another.
Experienced performers adapt skills and transfer them into the current situation even if the parameters of the new movement are different.
What are the functions of recall schemas
Stores information about the movement
• Initiates the movement
• Includes:
• initial conditions
• response specifications
What are the functions of recognition schemas?
Controls the movement
• Evaluates the movement
• Includes:
• sensory consequences
• response outcome
Schmidt’s schema theory is based on four sources of information, called parameters, which are used to modify motor programmes. Explain these four sources of information.
Recall:
Knowledge of initial conditions - gathering info about whether you have been in this or a similar situation before e.g. taking a penalty, remember being here before.
Knowledge of response specifications - based on initial conditions, you decide what movement to perform e.g. I will shoot low and hard to the left corner.
Recognition:
Knowledge of performance - gathering info
about the movement using intrinsic feedback or kinesthesis e.g. as I take the penalty I feel my knee extend and I placed enough power on the shot.
Knowledge of results - gathering info concerning the result of the movement e.g. did I score? Successful or unsuccessful.
How can a coach organise practices to enable a schema to develop?
Practice to be varied and avoid massed practice.
Include plenty of info.
Should have feedback.
Realistic to the game.
Include transferable elements.
Become more challenging and difficult.
How to develop schemas
Ensure practice is variable to build a range of experience.
Ensure practiced skills are transferable from training to the game situation.
Give feedback to continuously help to improve skills.
Give praise and positive reinforcement.
Practice a range of skills until they are well learned
What’s hicks law
The more choices we have the slower reaction time
What’s single channel hypothesis
The brain can only process one stimulus at a time
• Limited capacity
• One stimulus needs to be processed before another can be acted on.
This causes a delay - Psychological refractory period
What are the different senses used in sport
External
Sight
Auditory senses
Internal
Touch
Balance
Kinesthesis
