Energy Systems Flashcards

Question

What is stage 1 in the aerobic energy system

Answer 1

Glycolysis - Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid —- 2 ATP formed Pyruvic acid is oxidised and Coenzyme A carries it into the Krebs cycle

Answer 2

Stage 2: In the mitochondria matrix Kerb cycle - The 2 acetyl groups diffuse into the matrix of the mitochondria. The acetyl groups combine with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid Hydrogen is removed from the citric acid by ‘oxidative carboxylation’ Produces C,H and 2 ATP molecules

Answer 3

Electron transport chain: Hydrogen splits into H ions and H electrons both are charged with potential energy H ions are oxidised to form water while the electrons provide enough energy to resynthesises 34 ATP

Answer 4

More ATP can be produced - up to 38 molecules There are no fatiguing by products Lots of glycogen and triglyceride stores so exercise can last a long time

Answer 5

Complicated systems - can’t be used straight away O2 becomes available glycogen + fatty acids completely broken down Fatty acids transportation to muscles is low and requires more O2

Answer 6

Fatty acids undergo a process called beta oxidation They are converted into acetyl coenzyme A which is an entry molecule into the kerb cycle It then follows the same cycle as glycogen More ATP can be produced from a molecule of fatty acids than one molecule of glucose This is why long duration, low intensity exercise, fatty acids will be predominant energy source but depends on fitness of performer

Answer 7

The maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute

Answer 8

When there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all the energy (ATP) aerobically Oxygen deficit = how much effort was anaerobic

Answer 9

Know the oxygen deficit and steady state vo2 on a diagram

Answer 10

It gives an indication of the athletes anaerobic capacity

Answer 11

Regaining oxygen after exercise Reoxygenation of blood and myoglobin Breakdown of lactate in blood Resynthesis of glycogen from lactate (stored in liver) 2 components

Answer 12

2 - 3 minutes following the event Need 1-4 litres of extra O2 to replenish ATP PC 50% restored in 30s Replenishes all myoglobin stores of O2

Answer 13

Removal of lactic acid Maintenance of ventilation Maintenance of circulation Maintenance of body temperature Requires 5-8 l of O2 can take minutes up to hours

Answer 14

Warm up : An early increase in O2 delivery will minimise the O2 deficit Active recovery/cool down : This increase in O2 delivery to the tissues and so speeds up fast and slow components of EPOC Specificity of training: through specific training the athletes body will learn to recover quicker Strategies: Us of time outs and certain tactics allow for recover during certain sports Nutrition: Effective diet strategies before, during and after activity can delay fatigue and so speed up recovery

Answer 15

Depletion of ATP -PC stores e.g 100m sprint Myoglobin has lost all its O2 Glucose and glycogen depletion (2 or more hours of work marathon) High accumulation of lactic acid in muscles 400m sprinter

Answer 16

OBLA and lactate threshold are the same thing- they are just different ways to measure lactate Obla occurs around 4 mol/L lactate. It gives an indication of endurance levels. Trained individuals can work at a higher intensity

Answer 17

Is expressed as VO2 max. It occurs at 2 mmol/L above resting levels - so around 3-4mmol/L Average performers have a lactate threshold of 50-60% VO2 max We train at a level below lactate and fatigue so performance doesn’t deteriorate The fitter we are the higher lactate threshold,d as a percentage of our VO2 max so we work harder

Answer 18

Elite performers have higher vo2 max Elite performers produce less lactate at higher intensities Lactate threshold occurs at a higher percentage in elite athletes

Answer 19

Exercise intensity Muscle fibre types slow twitch fibres produce less lactate Rate of blood lactate removal, can be improved with training The respiratory exchange ratio Fitness of performer, fitter athletes have delayed obla

Answer 20

Better at buffering, increase rate of lactate removal Higher tolerance of lactate means they can work at higher intensities for longer Muscles have adapted to training, higher capillary density and more myoglobin Muscles have adapted to training, greater number and size of mitochondria

Answer 21

Physiological: Increase stroke volume Lifestyle Body composition Training e.g continuous fartlek, aerobic, interval ect Genetics Gender The older you are the lower your vo2 max

Answer 22

Cardiac output Reduced body fat - VO2 max decreases as body fat increases Increased tolerance to lactate increased cardiac hypertrophy Greater HR range Increased surface area of alveoli Less O2 being used for heart muscle so more for skeletal muscles Increased number and size of mitochondria Increased stores of glycogen Increased capillaries around the working muscles Increased myoglobin content

Answer 23

Indirect calorimetry Lactate sampling VO2 max tests RER (respiratory exchange ratio)

Answer 24

taking blood samples. Lactate sampling involves measuring the level of lactate in the blood stream Measures OBLA / lactate threshold Testing is usually done during training e.g. games players using a pin prick Ensures training is at the correct intensity / monitor improvements over time.

Answer 25

Endurance athletes may use lactate sampling because if they can establish their OBLA point, as a physiological measure this would dictate the speed they could run /swim/cycle (optimal speed). Training would therefore be designed just below their OBLA. Portable handheld device easy to use and administer Gives immediate results to the performer Games players would use this to inform training intensities as they try and improve their buffering system and tolerance to lactic acid. Must be done regularly Can be painful

Answer 26

RER is a physiological parameter that represents the ratio of carbon dioxide production (VCO2) to oxygen consumption (VO2) during metabolism. Mathematically, it is expressed as: RER= VCO2 / VO2 indicating whether the body is predominantly using carbohydrates, fats, or a mix of both for fuel.

Answer 27

Optimizing Fueling Strategies: Athletes can use RER measurements to tailor their nutrition plans. For example, during endurance activities, understanding when the body transitions from fat to carbohydrate metabolism can help athletes time their carbohydrate intake to sustain energy levels. Training Intensity and Adaptation: Monitoring RER during training sessions allows athletes and coaches to assess the intensity at which the body switches between fuel sources. This information can be used to design training programs that target specific metabolic adaptations. Individualized Training: Different athletes may have different RER responses to exercise.

Answer 28

Precision in Nutritional Planning: RER provides insights into the specific macronutrients being utilized, allowing for precise nutritional planning to meet energy needs. Training Optimization: Athletes can optimize their training programs by understanding how their body uses different fuel sources at various exercise intensities. Individualization: RER can be used to tailor nutrition and training plans based on an individual athlete's metabolic responses.

Answer 29

Equipment and Expertise: Measurement of RER requires specialized equipment, such as a metabolic cart, and expertise in conducting indirect calorimetry. This can be a limitation in certain settings. Invasive Techniques: Some methods of measuring RER may require wearing a mask or using a mouthpiece, which may affect the comfort and natural breathing patterns of athletes. Variable Response: RER can be influenced by factors such as diet, fitness level, and environmental conditions. Interpreting RER values requires considering these factors for accurate insights.

Answer 30

VO2 max testing is a progressive test carried out on a treadmill or similar cardiovascular machine. It is used to calculate the maximal volume of oxygen that can be consumed per unit of time and is usually measured in litres per minute/ml.kg.min−1. It involves use of gas analysis.

Answer 31

They can then plan a training programme to increase their VO2 max which would be monitored regularly. Bleep tests and Coopers runs can be done easily but rely on the athletes motivation. You go to exhaustion which is difficult and can be unreliable. The gas analysis requires equipment and data collection which may be difficult to access. A endurance athletes and games players may also like to use lactate sampling because if they can establish their OBLA point, as a physiological measure this would dictate the speed they could run (optimal speed). Training would therefore be designed just below their OBLA. A marathon runner could compare their OBLA point as a percentage of VO2 max to try to increase this percentage through training.