Learning Theories

Question 1

What is the features insight learning (Gestalt)

Answer 1

1.) preparation - Can’t solve the problem initially, data gathering

2.) Incubation - problem put on hold, problem worked on unconsciously

3.) Insight - Suddenly there is a mental representation of solution

4.) Verification - solution checked

Question 2

Advantages to insight learning (Gestalt)

Answer 2

The learner learns new skills through experiencing the whole task

2. Part learning is not effective
3. Kinaesthesis and the flow of the task are maintained
4. There is a greater understanding of the skill as the athlete has to use their own cognitive processes to solve the problem – this means there is a greater understanding and therefore retention of the skill. Implications for coaches – pose questions to the athlete don’t just tell them what to do.
5. They use their insight and adapt to sporting situations.
6. Allows the athlete to be creative and develop their own strategies and tactics.

Question 3

What is insight learning Gestalt

Answer 3

This is the learning or problem solving that happens all of a sudden through understanding the relationships of various parts of a problem rather than through trial and error

Question 4

What is operant conditioning- skinner

Answer 4

This is also known as trial and error learning, it shapes behaviour and the environment is manipulated to promote a certain behaviour. And behaviour is shaped by reinforcement .

Operant conditioning based on Skinner’s work is the use of reinforcement to ensure the correct responses are repeated.

Characterised by 3 principles

Trial and error learning
The coach might manipulate the environment
Behaviour shaped by reinforcement S-R bond

Question 5

What four processes must a coach use to copy a model demonstration (Bandura observational learning)

Answer 5

Bandura suggests that the performer needs to

ARMM

Attention - watch demonstration

Retention - chance to practice

M - Motor production - must be physically and psychologically capable

Motivation - Internal and external motivators

Question 6

What is the social development theory (vygotski) about

Answer 6

According to Vygotsky, social interaction plays a key role in an individual’s development. You build on what you know already, (hence constructivism = build), and you can learn from others who are more experienced and skilled

Question 7

What is the role of social interaction

Answer 7

Inter-psychological learning – happens before development. The performer learns from people they interact with.

• Intra-psychological learning – Learning takes place within the learner.
• the performer thinks about what they can do on their own and what they have learnt from others.

• More knowledgeable other (MKO) – a person who has a greater understanding of the skill/task than you do and can offer technical advice and feedback.

• Zone of proximal development -
Stage 1 – what can I do on my own (independently)? Stage 2 – what can I do with the help of a MKO?
Stage 3 – What can I not do yet?