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Anatomy > Skeleton Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

Skeleton Gross Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton components

A
  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Ribcage
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2
Q

Appendicular skeleton components

A
  • Pectoral girdle: Clavicle, Scapula
  • Arms
  • Pelvic girdle:
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3
Q

Fossa

A

Little dent in bone

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4
Q

Foremen

A

Holes in bones
Many in the cranium for blood vessels and nerves

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5
Q

Condyle

A

Bump in bone that makes contact with another bone

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6
Q

Cranial Bones

A

Surrounds the brain to protect it.
Bones are connected by fibrous joints so they can’t move.
* Fontal
* Parietal
* Temporal
* Occipital
* Sphenoid
* Ethmoid

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7
Q

Fontal bone

A

Forehead
Superior anterior positioning on the skull.

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8
Q

Parietal bones

A

2 cranial bones located at the top +back

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9
Q

Temporal bones

A

2 on either side with:
* Zygomatic arch
* Acoustic meatus
* Mastoid process
* Stylopid process
* Mandibular fossa
* Jugular foreman
* Carotid canal

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10
Q

Zygomatic arch

A

Cheekbones
Chewing muscles go under

Located on the temporal bones

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11
Q

Acoustic meatus

A

Auditory canal + entrance to the inner ear.
The inner ear is inside the temporal bone.

Located on the temporal bones

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12
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

Little dent at the base of the zygomatic arch that forms the joint with the mandible

Located on the temporal bones

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13
Q

Jugular foreman

A

Jugular vein that exits the cranium

Located on the temporal bones

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14
Q

Carotid canal

A

Artery enters the cranium

Located on the temporal bones

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15
Q

Occipital bone

A

Posterior base bone on the skull with:
* Forman magnum
* Occipital condyles
* Hypoglossal foremen

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16
Q

Forman magnum

A

Big hole at the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord goes through

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17
Q

Occipital condyles

A

Located on the occipital bone to form a joint with the C1/Atlas.
Identifiable by the 2 bumps next to the foreman magnum.

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18
Q

Sphenoid

A

Anterior inferior location behind the facial bone on the skull; can be seen from side + below with:
* Greater wing
* Forman ovale
* Foreman spinosum
* Optic foreman
* Supraorbital fissure
* Sella turcica - pituitary gland sits here

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19
Q

Greater wing

A

Can be found sticking up on side of the sphenoid bone, can be seen from the side.

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20
Q

Sella turcica

A

Where the pituitary gland sits in the sphenoid bone.

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21
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

The smallest cranial bone located at the top of the nasal cavity. Also identifiable by the holes for olfactory nerves.

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22
Q

Facial bones

Traits + components

A

Traits:
* Fibrous joints hold together most
* Has 2 moveable bones

Bones:
* 2 nasal bones
* Vomar
* Mandible
* Maxilla

Other important structures:
* Nasal cartilage
* Sinuses

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23
Q

Mandible

A

Also known as the lower jaw, it moves independently of other bones
Landmarks:
* Ramus
* Condyles of mandible
* Teeth

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24
Q

Ramus

A

Straight part of the mandible coming up into the condyles

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25
Q

Condyles of mandible

A

Bumps at the end of the mandible that create a joint with the temporal bones.

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26
Q

Teeth

A

Boney structures embedded in the maxilla + mandible.
Not Bones They’re composed of dentine on the inside + enamel on the outside. The root grows down into the bone.

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27
Q

Teeth organization

A

Starting in the middle + moving out to the side
2 incisors - 1 cuspid/ canine - 2 bicuspids/premolar - 2-3 molars

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28
Q

Maxilla

A

Skull bone that forms the upper jaw going into the cheeks , most of nose socket, and part of the eye sockets.

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29
Q

Nasal bones

A

2 bones in the skull supported by nasal cartilage to form the nose bridge.

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30
Q

Nasal cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage that makes up most of a noses exterior.

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31
Q

Vomar

A

Small bone in the nose that splits the nasal cavity in 2

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32
Q

Sinuses

A

Small cavities in facial bones.
* Connected to the nasal cavity
* Lined with mucus membrane

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33
Q

Hyoid bone

A

U-shaped bone in the neck
Only bone in the body that doesn’t attach to other bones
- Attached to the larynx and tongue

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34
Q

Vertebral Column General Components

A
  • Vertebrae
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Spinal Cord
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35
Q

Vertebrae Anatomy

A
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Centrum (Body)
  • Vertebral arch
  • Spinous process
  • Transverse process
  • Superior articulating facet
  • Interior articulating facet
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36
Q

Processes

A

Knobs of bone that come off the vertebral arch (for erector spine + quadratus lumborum to attach to)

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37
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

The big hole found in all vertebrae

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38
Q

Spinal Cord

A

A densly packed cord of nervous tissue that passes through the vertebral foremen + sits inside the spinal cavity.
Tissue carries nervous system signals between the brain + body.

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39
Q

Centrum (Body)

A

Big pad on vertebrae that gets larger lower in the spine.
Functions to carry weight

40
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Boney curve that goes above the vertebral foramen

41
Q

Spinous process

A

Boney knob that sticks straight back + points down on vertebrae.

42
Q

Transverse process

A

Boney knob that sticks out to the side of vertebrae.

43
Q

Superior articulating facet

A

Makes a joint with the vertebrae above.

44
Q

Interior articulating facet

A

Makes a joint with the vertebrae below

45
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Cartilaginous joints made of fibrocartilage.
* Sits between the bodies of vertebrae
* Allows for movement
* Protects vertebrae from compression

46
Q

Vertebrae organization

A
  1. Cervical - neck: atlas (C1), axis (C2), C3-C7
  2. Thoracic - chest: T1-T12
  3. Lumbar - lower back: L1-L5
  4. Sacral - 5 fused into the pelvic girdle
  5. Coccyx - 4 fused into a tailbone
47
Q

Atlas

A

C1 Vertebrae
Supports the weight of the skull without a body
Identifiable by it’s large foramen (for dens = process that sticks up), no spinus process, and superior articulating facets that form a joint with the occipital condyles, allows for nodding.

48
Q

Axis

A

C2 vertebrae
Identifiable by its dens at the top that goes through the foramen of the atlas to form a joint.
Atlas can rotate around the dens allowing for head to shake “no”.

49
Q

Cervicle Vertebrea

A

C3 - C7
Traits:
* Triangular shape with a very small body.
* Transverse process is greatly reduced
* Transverse foramen is inside the processes
Only in these vertebrae can blood vessels pass through

50
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Thoracic vertebrae: T1-12
12 vertebrae in the chest that create a posterior curve.
Attach to most of the ribs transverse facets: 1-7, 8-10 attach to 7
Medium in size but large relative to its body

51
Q

Transverse facet

A

Little dent at the end of the transverse process where ribs + the vertebrae form a joint

52
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Lumbar vertebrae: L1- L5
5 lower back vertebrates in an anterior curve
Identifiers:
* Largest vertebrae with the most body for weight-bearing
* A small transverse and spinal process
* Superior articulating process - has a superior articulating facet that sits between the transverse and spinal processes.

53
Q

Sacral

A

5 vertebrea fused into a posterior curve.
Part of the pelvic girdle that attaches to the pelvic bones.

54
Q

Coccyx

A

4 fused into a tailbone - no longer functional in humans

55
Q

Rib Cage components

A

Sternum
Costal Cartilage
Ribs
Surround + protect: heart + lungs

56
Q

Sternum

What, where, + landmarks

A

Flat bone in the middle of the chest composed of 3 parts
1. Manubrium - the top part where muscles attach and one costal cartilage
2. Body - big flat part in the middle where most costal cartilage attaches
3. Xiphoid process - Located at the bottom sticking out, where more muscles attach

57
Q

Manubrium

A

The top part of the sternum where muscles and one costal cartilage attach

58
Q

Sternum Body

A

Big flat part in the middle of the sternum where most costal cartilage attaches.

59
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Located at the bottom of the sternum, sticking out for muscles to attach

60
Q

Ribs layout

A

2 pairs of ribs that articulate with thoracic vertebrae
Costal Cartilage: connects ribs to the sternum with hyaline cartilage (cartilaginous)
True ribs = #1-7
Costal cartilage attaches separately to the sternum
False ribs = #8-10
Costal cartilage merges into costal cartilage of rib #7
Floating ribs = #11+12
No costal cartilage

61
Q

Rib landmarks

A

Head - bump at the end that forms a joint with the body of the thoracic vertebrae
Neck - between the head and tubrercle
Tubrercle - bump down from the head a bit making a joining with the transverse facet of thoracic vertebrae

62
Q

Breathing in relation to the thoracic cavity

A

Breathing changes the size of the thoracic cavity with the help of the costal cartilage:
Cage expands → cavity expands→ breathe in
Cage contracts → cavity contracts → breathe out

63
Q

Pectoral Girdle

What is it? Stuctures associated

A

Connects arms to the axial skeleton
* Scapula
* Shoulder joint
* Clavicle

64
Q

Scapula

What is it? Landmarks associated

A

The shoulder blade
Body - big wing faces down
Spine - line running along the top + posterior
Glenoid cavity - shoulder joint socket
L vs R: body down, spine to back, glenoid fossa laterally

2 Processes above the glenoid fossa
1. Attach to arm muscles
2. Posterior one makes joint with the clavicle

65
Q

Shoulder joint

A

Ball and socket joint.
Socket of the shoulder joint that fits the head of the humorous
Glenoid cavity = socket for ball - mostly scapula

66
Q

Clavicle

A

AKA Collar bone
S-shaped
Lateral side is flattened, forms glenoid cavity with scapula
Medial side is thicker and articulates with the sternum

67
Q

Arms components

A

Humerus
Radius + Ulna
Carpals, metacarpals + phalanges

68
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm bone
Head has a big bump to create the ball for the ball + socket joint with the glenoid cavity of scapula
Complex articulations at the distal end are possible with the 2 condyles that face anteriorly
Lateral condyle - forms ball of the ball and socket joint with the radius
Medial condyle - forms a hinge joint with the ulna
L vs R: condyles are anterior + head is facing the shoulder

69
Q

Ulna

A

Medial side of the forearm - pinky side
* Proximal end has a u-shaped notch
* Wraps around the edge of the humerus

Important landmarks:
* Trochlear notch
* Lateral notch

70
Q

Trochlear notch

A

Forms the U of the ulna for the trochlea to fit into it
Forms a hing joint with the humerus - doesn’t form part of the wrist
2 processes stick up forming the “U” - The big process is posterior.

71
Q

Lateral notch

A

Notch of the ulna that sits next to the trochlear notch.
Radius fits into it allowing for rotation within the notch for pronation

72
Q

Radius

A

Lateral end of the forearm - thumb side
Proximal end:
* Has a round pad that forms a ball and socket joint with the humerus
* Rotates against the humerus
Distal end:
* Wide to form a joint with the wrist

Has a head that
* is proximal
* has a flat pad so it can articulate with the humerus
* fits into the noch of the ulna

73
Q

Supination

A

palms up
ulna and radius are parallel to each other

74
Q

Pronation

A

palms down
radius rotates on the humerus and crosses over the ulna

75
Q

Carpals

A

8 short wrist bones
Form a joint with the radius and metacarpals.

76
Q

Metacarpals

A

Hand bones that make up the palm
5 long bones for each finger
Numbered 1-5 (thumb - pinky)

77
Q

Phalanges

A

Finger + toe bones
14 long bones
3 in 4 digits, 2 in the medial digits
Proximal, middle, distal
Numbered 1-5 (thumb/big - pinky)

78
Q

Pelvic Girdle bones

A

Coxal bones / Pelvic bones
* Ilium
* Pubis
* Ischium

Sacrum

79
Q

Ilium

A

**Biggest coxal / pelvic bone
**Structures to remember:
Wing of Ilium - big part of ilium sticking up
Iliac crest - what we can superficially press on, upper edge of wings
* Lots of muscles attach here

80
Q

Pubis

A

on the bottom - anterior + pointy

81
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Attaches 2 pubic bones together

82
Q

Ischium

A

lower posterior bone

butt bones

83
Q

Acetabulum

A

Socket of the hip joint where a femurs head would fit.

84
Q

Obturator foramen

A

Big hole between pubis + ischium
Big blood vessels go through

85
Q

L vs R
Pelvic Bones

How to tell the difference

A

Wing of ilium is up
Acetabulum is lateral
Pubis is anterior

86
Q

Sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae that forms the back of the pelvic girdle and a synovial joint with coxal bones

87
Q

AFAB vs SMAB
Pelvis’s

A

Males:
* Narrow opening
* Pubic arch is A shaped

Females:
* Wider opening for child birthing
* Pubic arch is U shaped

88
Q

Leg bones

A
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibia
89
Q

Femur

A

Head / proximal end forms ball of the hip joint - Looks like a hammer
Landmarks:
Head w/ joint
Neck - projects the head away from the rest of the bone
Condyles face towards the back to articulate with tibia to form a hinge joint
- patella goes in front

90
Q

L vs R
Femur

A

Head faces medially into the hip
Condyles are posterior

91
Q

Patella

A

Bone where tendons attach, for knee protection.

Boney part of the knee.

92
Q

Tibia

A

Shin bone (medial of calf)
Weight-bearing bone
Proximal - 2 big condyles form a knee joint with the femur and patella
Distal - fossa for forming joint with talus + the bone sticking out + down (can feel medially in the ankle area)

93
Q

Fibula

A

Skinny bone in calf (can’t feel) that sits lateral
Non-weight-bearing
Proximal end: big bulge on the flat part on the top
Distal end: flatter, the flat part goes out to lateral side

94
Q

Feet bones

A

7 Tarsals - remember Talus + Calcaneus
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Phalanges

95
Q

Talus

A

Big tarsal on top that forms a joint with the tibia
Allows you to point toes

96
Q

Calcaneus

A

Big heal bone on the bottom where tendons attach
Bears weight of the body

97
Q

Metatarsals

A

foot version of metacarpals
#1-5

Anatomy (15 decks)

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