Skeleton Gross Anatomy Flashcards
Axial skeleton components
- Skull
- Vertebral column
- Ribcage
Appendicular skeleton components
- Pectoral girdle: Clavicle, Scapula
- Arms
- Pelvic girdle:
Fossa
Little dent in bone
Foremen
Holes in bones
Many in the cranium for blood vessels and nerves
Condyle
Bump in bone that makes contact with another bone
Cranial Bones
Surrounds the brain to protect it.
Bones are connected by fibrous joints so they can’t move.
* Fontal
* Parietal
* Temporal
* Occipital
* Sphenoid
* Ethmoid
Fontal bone
Forehead
Superior anterior positioning on the skull.
Parietal bones
2 cranial bones located at the top +back
Temporal bones
2 on either side with:
* Zygomatic arch
* Acoustic meatus
* Mastoid process
* Stylopid process
* Mandibular fossa
* Jugular foreman
* Carotid canal
Zygomatic arch
Cheekbones
Chewing muscles go under
Located on the temporal bones
Acoustic meatus
Auditory canal + entrance to the inner ear.
The inner ear is inside the temporal bone.
Located on the temporal bones
Mandibular fossa
Little dent at the base of the zygomatic arch that forms the joint with the mandible
Located on the temporal bones
Jugular foreman
Jugular vein that exits the cranium
Located on the temporal bones
Carotid canal
Artery enters the cranium
Located on the temporal bones
Occipital bone
Posterior base bone on the skull with:
* Forman magnum
* Occipital condyles
* Hypoglossal foremen
Forman magnum
Big hole at the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord goes through
Occipital condyles
Located on the occipital bone to form a joint with the C1/Atlas.
Identifiable by the 2 bumps next to the foreman magnum.
Sphenoid
Anterior inferior location behind the facial bone on the skull; can be seen from side + below with:
* Greater wing
* Forman ovale
* Foreman spinosum
* Optic foreman
* Supraorbital fissure
* Sella turcica - pituitary gland sits here
Greater wing
Can be found sticking up on side of the sphenoid bone, can be seen from the side.
Sella turcica
Where the pituitary gland sits in the sphenoid bone.
Ethmoid bone
The smallest cranial bone located at the top of the nasal cavity. Also identifiable by the holes for olfactory nerves.
Facial bones
Traits + components
Traits:
* Fibrous joints hold together most
* Has 2 moveable bones
Bones:
* 2 nasal bones
* Vomar
* Mandible
* Maxilla
Other important structures:
* Nasal cartilage
* Sinuses
Mandible
Also known as the lower jaw, it moves independently of other bones
Landmarks:
* Ramus
* Condyles of mandible
* Teeth
Ramus
Straight part of the mandible coming up into the condyles
Condyles of mandible
Bumps at the end of the mandible that create a joint with the temporal bones.
Teeth
Boney structures embedded in the maxilla + mandible.
Not Bones They’re composed of dentine on the inside + enamel on the outside. The root grows down into the bone.
Teeth organization
Starting in the middle + moving out to the side
2 incisors - 1 cuspid/ canine - 2 bicuspids/premolar - 2-3 molars
Maxilla
Skull bone that forms the upper jaw going into the cheeks , most of nose socket, and part of the eye sockets.
Nasal bones
2 bones in the skull supported by nasal cartilage to form the nose bridge.
Nasal cartilage
Hyaline cartilage that makes up most of a noses exterior.
Vomar
Small bone in the nose that splits the nasal cavity in 2
Sinuses
Small cavities in facial bones.
* Connected to the nasal cavity
* Lined with mucus membrane
Hyoid bone
U-shaped bone in the neck
Only bone in the body that doesn’t attach to other bones
- Attached to the larynx and tongue
Vertebral Column General Components
- Vertebrae
- Intervertebral discs
- Spinal Cord
Vertebrae Anatomy
- Vertebral foramen
- Centrum (Body)
- Vertebral arch
- Spinous process
- Transverse process
- Superior articulating facet
- Interior articulating facet
Processes
Knobs of bone that come off the vertebral arch (for erector spine + quadratus lumborum to attach to)
Vertebral foramen
The big hole found in all vertebrae
Spinal Cord
A densly packed cord of nervous tissue that passes through the vertebral foremen + sits inside the spinal cavity.
Tissue carries nervous system signals between the brain + body.
Centrum (Body)
Big pad on vertebrae that gets larger lower in the spine.
Functions to carry weight
Vertebral arch
Boney curve that goes above the vertebral foramen
Spinous process
Boney knob that sticks straight back + points down on vertebrae.
Transverse process
Boney knob that sticks out to the side of vertebrae.
Superior articulating facet
Makes a joint with the vertebrae above.
Interior articulating facet
Makes a joint with the vertebrae below
Intervertebral discs
Cartilaginous joints made of fibrocartilage.
* Sits between the bodies of vertebrae
* Allows for movement
* Protects vertebrae from compression
Vertebrae organization
- Cervical - neck: atlas (C1), axis (C2), C3-C7
- Thoracic - chest: T1-T12
- Lumbar - lower back: L1-L5
- Sacral - 5 fused into the pelvic girdle
- Coccyx - 4 fused into a tailbone
Atlas
C1 Vertebrae
Supports the weight of the skull without a body
Identifiable by it’s large foramen (for dens = process that sticks up), no spinus process, and superior articulating facets that form a joint with the occipital condyles, allows for nodding.
Axis
C2 vertebrae
Identifiable by its dens at the top that goes through the foramen of the atlas to form a joint.
Atlas can rotate around the dens allowing for head to shake “no”.
Cervicle Vertebrea
C3 - C7
Traits:
* Triangular shape with a very small body.
* Transverse process is greatly reduced
* Transverse foramen is inside the processes
Only in these vertebrae can blood vessels pass through
Thoracic Vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae: T1-12
12 vertebrae in the chest that create a posterior curve.
Attach to most of the ribs transverse facets: 1-7, 8-10 attach to 7
Medium in size but large relative to its body
Transverse facet
Little dent at the end of the transverse process where ribs + the vertebrae form a joint
Lumbar Vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae: L1- L5
5 lower back vertebrates in an anterior curve
Identifiers:
* Largest vertebrae with the most body for weight-bearing
* A small transverse and spinal process
* Superior articulating process - has a superior articulating facet that sits between the transverse and spinal processes.
Sacral
5 vertebrea fused into a posterior curve.
Part of the pelvic girdle that attaches to the pelvic bones.
Coccyx
4 fused into a tailbone - no longer functional in humans
Rib Cage components
Sternum
Costal Cartilage
Ribs
Surround + protect: heart + lungs
Sternum
What, where, + landmarks
Flat bone in the middle of the chest composed of 3 parts
1. Manubrium - the top part where muscles attach and one costal cartilage
2. Body - big flat part in the middle where most costal cartilage attaches
3. Xiphoid process - Located at the bottom sticking out, where more muscles attach
Manubrium
The top part of the sternum where muscles and one costal cartilage attach
Sternum Body
Big flat part in the middle of the sternum where most costal cartilage attaches.
Xiphoid process
Located at the bottom of the sternum, sticking out for muscles to attach
Ribs layout
2 pairs of ribs that articulate with thoracic vertebrae
Costal Cartilage: connects ribs to the sternum with hyaline cartilage (cartilaginous)
True ribs = #1-7
Costal cartilage attaches separately to the sternum
False ribs = #8-10
Costal cartilage merges into costal cartilage of rib #7
Floating ribs = #11+12
No costal cartilage
Rib landmarks
Head - bump at the end that forms a joint with the body of the thoracic vertebrae
Neck - between the head and tubrercle
Tubrercle - bump down from the head a bit making a joining with the transverse facet of thoracic vertebrae
Breathing in relation to the thoracic cavity
Breathing changes the size of the thoracic cavity with the help of the costal cartilage:
Cage expands → cavity expands→ breathe in
Cage contracts → cavity contracts → breathe out
Pectoral Girdle
What is it? Stuctures associated
Connects arms to the axial skeleton
* Scapula
* Shoulder joint
* Clavicle
Scapula
What is it? Landmarks associated
The shoulder blade
Body - big wing faces down
Spine - line running along the top + posterior
Glenoid cavity - shoulder joint socket
L vs R: body down, spine to back, glenoid fossa laterally
2 Processes above the glenoid fossa
1. Attach to arm muscles
2. Posterior one makes joint with the clavicle
Shoulder joint
Ball and socket joint.
Socket of the shoulder joint that fits the head of the humorous
Glenoid cavity = socket for ball - mostly scapula
Clavicle
AKA Collar bone
S-shaped
Lateral side is flattened, forms glenoid cavity with scapula
Medial side is thicker and articulates with the sternum
Arms components
Humerus
Radius + Ulna
Carpals, metacarpals + phalanges
Humerus
Upper arm bone
Head has a big bump to create the ball for the ball + socket joint with the glenoid cavity of scapula
Complex articulations at the distal end are possible with the 2 condyles that face anteriorly
Lateral condyle - forms ball of the ball and socket joint with the radius
Medial condyle - forms a hinge joint with the ulna
L vs R: condyles are anterior + head is facing the shoulder
Ulna
Medial side of the forearm - pinky side
* Proximal end has a u-shaped notch
* Wraps around the edge of the humerus
Important landmarks:
* Trochlear notch
* Lateral notch
Trochlear notch
Forms the U of the ulna for the trochlea to fit into it
Forms a hing joint with the humerus - doesn’t form part of the wrist
2 processes stick up forming the “U” - The big process is posterior.
Lateral notch
Notch of the ulna that sits next to the trochlear notch.
Radius fits into it allowing for rotation within the notch for pronation
Radius
Lateral end of the forearm - thumb side
Proximal end:
* Has a round pad that forms a ball and socket joint with the humerus
* Rotates against the humerus
Distal end:
* Wide to form a joint with the wrist
Has a head that
* is proximal
* has a flat pad so it can articulate with the humerus
* fits into the noch of the ulna
Supination
palms up
ulna and radius are parallel to each other
Pronation
palms down
radius rotates on the humerus and crosses over the ulna
Carpals
8 short wrist bones
Form a joint with the radius and metacarpals.
Metacarpals
Hand bones that make up the palm
5 long bones for each finger
Numbered 1-5 (thumb - pinky)
Phalanges
Finger + toe bones
14 long bones
3 in 4 digits, 2 in the medial digits
Proximal, middle, distal
Numbered 1-5 (thumb/big - pinky)
Pelvic Girdle bones
Coxal bones / Pelvic bones
* Ilium
* Pubis
* Ischium
Sacrum
Ilium
**Biggest coxal / pelvic bone
**Structures to remember:
Wing of Ilium - big part of ilium sticking up
Iliac crest - what we can superficially press on, upper edge of wings
* Lots of muscles attach here
Pubis
on the bottom - anterior + pointy
Pubic symphysis
Attaches 2 pubic bones together
Ischium
lower posterior bone
butt bones
Acetabulum
Socket of the hip joint where a femurs head would fit.
Obturator foramen
Big hole between pubis + ischium
Big blood vessels go through
L vs R
Pelvic Bones
How to tell the difference
Wing of ilium is up
Acetabulum is lateral
Pubis is anterior
Sacrum
5 fused vertebrae that forms the back of the pelvic girdle and a synovial joint with coxal bones
AFAB vs SMAB
Pelvis’s
Males:
* Narrow opening
* Pubic arch is A shaped
Females:
* Wider opening for child birthing
* Pubic arch is U shaped
Leg bones
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibia
Femur
Head / proximal end forms ball of the hip joint - Looks like a hammer
Landmarks:
Head w/ joint
Neck - projects the head away from the rest of the bone
Condyles face towards the back to articulate with tibia to form a hinge joint
- patella goes in front
L vs R
Femur
Head faces medially into the hip
Condyles are posterior
Patella
Bone where tendons attach, for knee protection.
Boney part of the knee.
Tibia
Shin bone (medial of calf)
Weight-bearing bone
Proximal - 2 big condyles form a knee joint with the femur and patella
Distal - fossa for forming joint with talus + the bone sticking out + down (can feel medially in the ankle area)
Fibula
Skinny bone in calf (can’t feel) that sits lateral
Non-weight-bearing
Proximal end: big bulge on the flat part on the top
Distal end: flatter, the flat part goes out to lateral side
Feet bones
7 Tarsals - remember Talus + Calcaneus
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Phalanges
Talus
Big tarsal on top that forms a joint with the tibia
Allows you to point toes
Calcaneus
Big heal bone on the bottom where tendons attach
Bears weight of the body
Metatarsals
foot version of metacarpals
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