Brain Flashcards

Question

Sensory areas ## Footnote Cerebral Cortex

Answer 1

Where we sense the world * Different senses in different areas for vision, hearing, smell, touch, etc. * R → L, L →R

Answer 2

Consciously plan the movement of skeletal muscle from the frontal lobe. R → L, L →R Contains: - A primary motor complex with a homunculus, Giant pyramidal neurons, and motor neurons\ - Premotor cortex - Broca’s Area

Answer 3

In the posterior frontal lobe within the precentral gyrus. Contains the Homunculus, giant pyramidal neurons, + motor neurons

Answer 4

The body mapped out on primary motor cortex When neurons in part of the homunculus fire → neurons in that part of the body contract

Answer 5

Neurons from the primary motor cortex that have axons that go down the spinal cord. Synapses on the motor neuron are in the ventral horn

Answer 6

have axons that exit the spinal cord to control skeletal muscle. Not a 1-1 relationship between motor neurons + giant neurons

Answer 7

helps to plan more complex movements that involve multiple muscle groups with the primary motor cortex. It coordinates with other parts of the cerebral cortex to incorporate sensory information. Located in the frontal lobe just anterior of the primary motor control.

Answer 8

Located in the cerebral cortex, it's critical for the muscle movements of speech. Does planning for other muscle actions. Located in the Frontal lobe - inferior to primary motor complex.

Answer 9

Where information from multiple sources are considered together. - Identify characteristics, objects - Incorporate memory - What we consider thinking

Answer 10

1. Somatosensory cortex 2. Homunculus 3. Primary visual cortex → spacial mapping 4. Auditory cortex 5. Olfactory cortex 6. Insular cortex → Gustatory cortex, Vestibular cortex, Visceral cortex

Answer 11

Allows us to consciously perceive our somatic senses. Senses of body Touch, temp, pain, limb position (proprioception) Located in the anterior parietal lobe - post central gyrus

Answer 12

Right next to the homunculus in the motor cortex and it maps out our body on the cortex. When neurons in this part of the body light up we sense things in that part of the body More sensitive parts of the body are disproportionately larger in here

Answer 13

Where we consciously perceive sight by getting signals from eyes via the thalamus. Located at the very posterior of the occipital lobe holds spacial mapping. Sends signals to secondary + tertiary visual cortexs + other visual cortexes for a different aspect of visual color, 3D position, movement, shape.

Answer 14

The position of visual phenomena in the world in front of you from the primary visual cortex. - Mapped in primary visual cortex - Center of vision takes up more of the cortex than peripheral - More sensitive to middle

Answer 15

PNS sensory area that perceives hearing from signals from the ear to the superior temporal lobe - below lateral sulci (Pitch, loudness, location)

Answer 16

PNS sensory area that perceives smell from the nose to the temporal lobe - inside lateral sulci.

Answer 17

Holds several PNS sensory cortexes deep in the lateral sulci. * Gustatory cortex * Vestibular cortex * Visceral cortex

Answer 18

Part of the PNS's sensory area within the insular cortex that perceives signals from internal organs. Have some conscious association ex: Full bladder, empty stomach

Answer 19

Part of the PNS's sensory area within the insular cortex that perceives balance from the signals in the ear.

Answer 20

Part of the PNS's sensory area within the insular cortex that perceives taste via signals from the tongue.

Answer 21

1. Sensory association areas 2. Multimodal association areas 3. Posterior association area 4. Limbic association area

Answer 22

* For a single sense * Surround sensory area for sense * Identify more complex concepts: size, shape, + relative position of party * Identify an object * Incorporates memory

Answer 23

Incorporates info from multiple senses through Information flow and the prefrontal cortex.

Answer 24

Part of the multimodal association areas by sending information from a sensory area → to a sensory association area → multimodal association area

Answer 25

Part of the multimodal association areas that sits at the very anterior frontal cortex and is relatively large in humans. This section of the brain is responsible for: - Long term planning - reasoning - decision making - working memory - Important for personality ## Footnote Phineas Gage, railroad worker that had a pipe go through his skill and changed his personality

Answer 26

PNS association area that's a strip in the back of the brain going from across several lobes and sensory areas. This area puts together a multisensory picture of the world by: - Language understanding - Facial recognition - Locate self in surroundings

Answer 27

While part of the limbic system, this PNS association area is responsible for the consious regognition of the emotional importance of things. It's located in the anterior temporal lobe.

Answer 28

Are in the cerebrum, below the cortex. Responsible for carrying signals between parts of the cortex + between cortex and other parts of the NS Composed of: - Association fibers - Projection fibers - Commissural fibers → corpus callosum

Answer 29

Part of white matter tracks that go between parts of the cortex in the same hemisphere.

Answer 30

Part of white matter tracks that go between the cortex + other parts of the NS.

Answer 31

Part of white matter tracks that go go between the L + R cerebral hemisphere. The corpus callosum can be found here as the biggest bundle of commissural fibers.

Answer 32

Within white matter tracks as the largest bundle of commissural fibers.

Answer 33

Have the corpus callosum cut to treat epilepsy One side of the brain doesn’t know what the other side is doing

Answer 34

Pockets of grey matter deep within the white matter of the cerebrum around the Diencephalon. * Communicates directly with parts of the cortex * Communicates with other parts of the NS through the thalamus * Has a role in generating smooth movement - inhibits unnecessary movement and memory * Important in the limbic system

Answer 35

Encompasses many different parts of the brain working together. Such as in many parts of the basal ganglia, parts of the cerebral cortex (Prefrontal cortex + Limbic cortex), and Hypothalamus. It regulates our emotional response to stimuli and is closely linked to sense of smell.

Answer 36

It compares the motor complexs plan to what's actually happening and makes corrections 1. Motor cortex sends signals to cerebellum 2. Giant pyramidal neurons synapse in posterior 3. Sends signal to cerebellum 4. Cerebellum gets signals from senses (vestibular + somatic senses) 5. Compares sensory + motor signals 6. Sends signals back to motor cortex

Answer 37

Connective tissue membranes that separate the CNS from other tissues + protects it. Goes to the bottom of the vertebral column and surrounds cauda equine (sacrum + lumbar nerves inside the vertebral column) 1. Pia mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Dura Mater

Answer 38

The inner layer of meninges - Soft - In contact with nervous tissue - Tightly matches folds in the brain

Answer 39

The middle layer of meninges containing the subarachnoid space. Is loose and attached to the pia matter by a web-like connective tissue.

Answer 40

The outer layer of meninges that's tough and continuous with the periosteum of craneal bone but separates into 2 layers in some places. The inner layer goes down into the transverse fissures, separates hemispheres, separates cerebrum + cerebellum and carries blood back to heart Also contains dural venous sinuses.

Answer 41

Sits between the arachnoid and pia mater with weblike extensions connecting them and contains cerebral fluid.

Answer 42

Space between the split membrane of dura that gathers blood from the brain and old CSF, then returns it to blood through the jugular vein and into the heart.

Answer 43

Skull → dura → Arachnoid → subarachnoid space - spinal fluid → pia → brain

Answer 44

Space filled with adipose between dura + bones. ## Footnote Dura doesn’t make contact with bones of the spinal cord

Answer 45

* Surrounds the CNS * Found within meninges and ventricles * Supports the weight of the brain * Protects the brain from impact * Circulates through the brain + spinal cord to deliver gasses + nutrients to brain cells and removes their waste * Similar to blood in terms of chemical content but is not identical and more stable than blood.

Answer 46

Produces CSF on the roof of each ventricle and has capillary surrounded by ependymal cells. Fluid in the blood moves out of the capillary to become CSF. Their ependymal cells can pass from blood into CSF to control the content of CSF.

Answer 47

* Ventricles + central canal in the middle of CNS * Subarachroid space - outside CSN * Movement is driven by the beating of cilia on the ependymal cells

Answer 48

CSF starts in the L + R lateral ventricles within the cerebrum. → Intern ventricular foreman → 3rd ventricle (Thin space between 2 halves of the thalamus) → Cerebral aqueduct → 4th ventricle - posterior pons → Option A: Into subarachnoid space Option B: Down central canal of the spinal cord then it'll pass into the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord → in subarachnoid space moves towards transverse fissure from cerebellum → dural venous sinuses → return to blood

Answer 49

= Tough to move between blood + brain The brain can’t tolerate fluctuation because neurons need precise ion concentrations. The tight junctions block unnedded substances with the help of capillaries and Astrocytes managing concentrations.

Answer 50

Help capillaries to maintain blood brain barrier by wrapping their feet around them.

Answer 51

= any alteration in brain function from a blow to the head - They are usually short-lived - Damage can accumulate from repeated concussions

Answer 52

= more severe damage than a concussion with long-term consequences - Contusions to the brain stem will lead to a coma

Answer 53

= bleeding in the brain - patient gets progressively worse

Answer 54

= swelling in the brain

Answer 55

= blood stops flowing in part of the brain - Can kill brain tissue - Can lead to cognitive, motor, and sensory deficits

Answer 56

= blood vessel breaks + bleeding - very rare

Answer 57

= blood clot blocks blood vessel in brain - Clot usually comes from somewhere else in the body

Answer 58

= blood vessel is temporarily blocked - Fairly common, not that bad

Answer 59

= clusters of misfolded proteins that gather inside + outside neurons - Leads to dementia - decline in memory, especially short term - Gets worse as you age

Answer 60

= death of dopamine-producing cells in basal ganglia - Basal ganglia no longer inhibits movement in the cerebral cortex Ex: Jerky motions + Difficulty walking - Gets worse as you age