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Anatomy > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A

Big part on top
L&R hemispheres
Grey around the hole in the middle and white around that
Grey in patches in the middle of the white
White matter is under the cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia = pockets of grey matter deep in the white matter

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2
Q

Diencephalon

A

In the middle
Surrounded by cerebrum
Above the brain stem

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3
Q

Cerebellum

A

Sticking out to the back = little cerebrum – Attached to pons posteriorly
Has more neurons than any other part of the body and non-motor functions (Language, eating, thinking).
It helps to generate smooth + coordinated motions by working with the motor cortex by comparing the motor cortex’s plan to what is actually happening + makes corrections.
Stores learned motor programs : walking, riding a bike, playing an instrument etc.

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4
Q

Brain stem

A

Connects to the spinal cord - inferior
Sticking down
Lots of white matter tracts
Connects the spinal cord, cranial nerves 3 - 12, and cerebellum to the rest of the brain
Controls many reflexes
Grey Matter: Grey in the middle of the spinal cord with white around that
Patches of grey in the middle of white

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5
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Layer of grey matter around the outside of the cerebrum
Where conscious thought occurs - conscious perception of the world, make decisions, + control the body
Areas of the cortex that associate with consiousness

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6
Q

Structures attached to the brain stem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
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7
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Superior + below the diencephalon
  • Lots of white matter tracts
  • Connects to come cranial nerves
  • Coordinates with basal nucleus (part of cerebrum) to generate smooth motions + other interactions
  • Controls the reflexes from eye to ear – Adjusting eye position as head moves & Startle response
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8
Q

Pons

A

Below the midbrain
Bulges out anteriorly
Cerebellum is connected behind
Many white matter tracts
Connects of other parts of NS
Connects directly to cerebelum
Most cranial nerves

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9
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Most inferior
  • Directly above the brain stem
  • Connected to Pons
  • Lots of white matter
  • A few cranial nerves
  • Controls important visceral reflexes
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10
Q

Visceral reflexes the Medulla Oblongata controls

A
  1. Cardiovascular control center - controls heart + blood vessels, regulates blood pressure
  2. Respiratory control center: controlls breathing
  3. Reflexes for many other things: Swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting
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11
Q

Diencephalon
Where & Components

A

Where: In the middle of the brain + at the top of the brain stem, surrounded by cerebrum
Components:
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalmus
3. Epithalimus

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12
Q

Thalamus

A
  • The oval structure on top of the brain stem
  • Relay station for incoming signals to the cerebral cortex
  • Sensory signals
  • Signals from other parts of the brain
  • Most signals synapse in the thalamus – doing some processing
  • Sends signals to the appropriate part of the cerebral cortex
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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Triangle of tissue inferior + anterior to the thalamus → between the thalamus + pituitary gland
Controls the autonomic nervous system:
* Generates changes in the body in response to emotions
* Psychosomatic

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14
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

The autonomic nervous system:
* Smooth muscle, glands, adipose
* Critical for homeostasis: Body temp + Water balance
* Regulates Sleep-wake cycle
* Important role in many base emotions: hunger + thirst, pleasure, fear, anger, joy, sexual attraction
* Controls the pituitary gland (responsible for releasing hormones): Acts as a master gland that controls other glands & Acts as a bridge between the CNS and endocrine system

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15
Q

Epithalimus

A

Positioned posteriorly
Pineal gland: Secretes melatonin & Regulates Sleep-wake cycle

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16
Q

Cerebrum structural components

A

Gyri: bumps in the cerebral cortex
Sulci: valleys between gyri
Fissures: deeper groves that separate large regions of the brain

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17
Q

Sulci

A

= valleys between gyri
- Break the cerebral cortex into lobes
- Named after cranial bones above them
- Large Sulci divides the cerebrum into 4 lobes
1. Occipital
2. Parietal
3. Frontal
4. Temporal

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18
Q

Central sulcus

A

Valley between gyri that separates the frontal from parietal

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19
Q

Porecentral gyrus

A

Bump just anterior to the central sulcus, frontal lobe
Contains the primary motor complex

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20
Q

Post central gyrus

A

Bumps just behind the central sulcus - parietal lobe

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21
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Valley between gyri separates temporal from frontal + parietal lobes.

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22
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Deeper groove that separates cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

Transverse fissure

A

Deeper groove that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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24
Q

Areas of the cortex that correspond to different elements of consciousness

A

Sensory areas
Motor areas - Priority motor cortex and Homunculus
Premotor cortex
Broca’s Area
Association areas

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25
Q

Sensory areas

Cerebral Cortex

A

Where we sense the world
* Different senses in different areas for vision, hearing, smell, touch, etc.
* R → L, L →R

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26
Q

Motor Areas

Cerebral Cortex

A

Consciously plan the movement of skeletal muscle from the frontal lobe.
R → L, L →R
Contains:
- A primary motor complex with a homunculus, Giant pyramidal neurons, and motor neurons\
- Premotor cortex
- Broca’s Area

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27
Q

Primary Motor Complex

A

In the posterior frontal lobe within the precentral gyrus.
Contains the Homunculus, giant pyramidal neurons, + motor neurons

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28
Q

Homunculus

Primary Motor complex

A

The body mapped out on primary motor cortex
When neurons in part of the homunculus fire → neurons in that part of the body contract

29
Q

Giant pyramidal neurons

A

Neurons from the primary motor cortex that have axons that go down the spinal cord.
Synapses on the motor neuron are in the ventral horn

30
Q

Motor neurons in the brain…

A

have axons that exit the spinal cord to control skeletal muscle.
Not a 1-1 relationship between motor neurons + giant neurons

31
Q

Premotor cortex

A

helps to plan more complex movements that involve multiple muscle groups with the primary motor cortex.
It coordinates with other parts of the cerebral cortex to incorporate sensory information.
Located in the frontal lobe just anterior of the primary motor control.

32
Q

Broca’s Area

cerebral cortex

A

Located in the cerebral cortex, it’s critical for the muscle movements of speech. Does planning for other muscle actions.
Located in the Frontal lobe - inferior to primary motor complex.

33
Q

Association Areas

cerebral cortex

A

Where information from multiple sources are considered together.
- Identify characteristics, objects
- Incorporate memory
- What we consider thinking

34
Q

Sensory areas of the PNS

A
  1. Somatosensory cortex
  2. Homunculus
  3. Primary visual cortex → spacial mapping
  4. Auditory cortex
  5. Olfactory cortex
  6. Insular cortex → Gustatory cortex, Vestibular cortex, Visceral cortex
35
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Allows us to consciously perceive our somatic senses.
Senses of body
Touch, temp, pain, limb position (proprioception)
Located in the anterior parietal lobe - post central gyrus

36
Q

Homunculus

PNS

A

Right next to the homunculus in the motor cortex and it maps out our body on the cortex.
When neurons in this part of the body light up we sense things in that part of the body
More sensitive parts of the body are disproportionately larger in here

37
Q

Primary visual cortex

PNS

A

Where we consciously perceive sight by getting signals from eyes via the thalamus.
Located at the very posterior of the occipital lobe holds spacial mapping.
Sends signals to secondary + tertiary visual cortexs + other visual cortexes for a different aspect of visual color, 3D position, movement, shape.

38
Q

Spacial Mapping

A

The position of visual phenomena in the world in front of you from the primary visual cortex.
- Mapped in primary visual cortex
- Center of vision takes up more of the cortex than peripheral
- More sensitive to middle

39
Q

Auditory cortex

PNS

A

PNS sensory area that perceives hearing from signals from the ear to the superior temporal lobe - below lateral sulci
(Pitch, loudness, location)

40
Q

Olfactory cortex

PNS

A

PNS sensory area that perceives smell from the nose to the temporal lobe - inside lateral sulci.

41
Q

Insular cortex

PNS

A

Holds several PNS sensory cortexes deep in the lateral sulci.
* Gustatory cortex
* Vestibular cortex
* Visceral cortex

42
Q

Visceral Cortex

A

Part of the PNS’s sensory area within the insular cortex that perceives signals from internal organs.
Have some conscious association
ex: Full bladder, empty stomach

43
Q

Vestibular cortex

A

Part of the PNS’s sensory area within the insular cortex that perceives balance from the signals in the ear.

44
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Part of the PNS’s sensory area within the insular cortex that perceives taste via signals from the tongue.

45
Q

PNS Association Areas

A
  1. Sensory association areas
  2. Multimodal association areas
  3. Posterior association area
  4. Limbic association area
46
Q

Sensory Association Areas

A
  • For a single sense
  • Surround sensory area for sense
  • Identify more complex concepts: size, shape, + relative position of party
  • Identify an object
  • Incorporates memory
47
Q

Multimodal Association Areas

A

Incorporates info from multiple senses through Information flow and the prefrontal cortex.

48
Q

Information flow

A

Part of the multimodal association areas by sending information from a sensory area → to a sensory association area → multimodal association area

49
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Part of the multimodal association areas that sits at the very anterior frontal cortex and is relatively large in humans. This section of the brain is responsible for:
- Long term planning
- reasoning
- decision making
- working memory
- Important for personality

Phineas Gage, railroad worker that had a pipe go through his skill and changed his personality

50
Q

Posterior association area

A

PNS association area that’s a strip in the back of the brain going from across several lobes and sensory areas.
This area puts together a multisensory picture of the world by:
- Language understanding
- Facial recognition
- Locate self in surroundings

51
Q

Limbic association area

A

While part of the limbic system, this PNS association area is responsible for the consious regognition of the emotional importance of things. It’s located in the anterior temporal lobe.

52
Q

White matter tracts

A

Are in the cerebrum, below the cortex. Responsible for carrying signals between parts of the cortex + between cortex and other parts of the NS
Composed of:
- Association fibers
- Projection fibers
- Commissural fibers → corpus callosum

53
Q

Association fibers

A

Part of white matter tracks that go between parts of the cortex in the same hemisphere.

54
Q

Projection fibers

A

Part of white matter tracks that go between the cortex + other parts of the NS.

55
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Part of white matter tracks that go go between the L + R cerebral hemisphere.
The corpus callosum can be found here as the biggest bundle of commissural fibers.

56
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Within white matter tracks as the largest bundle of commissural fibers.

57
Q

Split brain

A

Have the corpus callosum cut to treat epilepsy
One side of the brain doesn’t know what the other side is doing

58
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Pockets of grey matter deep within the white matter of the cerebrum around the Diencephalon.
* Communicates directly with parts of the cortex
* Communicates with other parts of the NS through the thalamus
* Has a role in generating smooth movement - inhibits unnecessary movement and memory
* Important in the limbic system

59
Q

Limbic system

A

Encompasses many different parts of the brain working together. Such as in many parts of the basal ganglia, parts of the cerebral cortex (Prefrontal cortex + Limbic cortex), and Hypothalamus.
It regulates our emotional response to stimuli and is closely linked to sense of smell.

60
Q

How does the cerebellum work with the motor cortex?

A

It compares the motor complexs plan to what’s actually happening and makes corrections
1. Motor cortex sends signals to cerebellum
2. Giant pyramidal neurons synapse in posterior
3. Sends signal to cerebellum
4. Cerebellum gets signals from senses (vestibular + somatic senses)
5. Compares sensory + motor signals
6. Sends signals back to motor cortex

61
Q

Meninges

A

Connective tissue membranes that separate the CNS from other tissues + protects it. Goes to the bottom of the vertebral column and surrounds cauda equine (sacrum + lumbar nerves inside the vertebral column)
1. Pia mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Dura Mater

62
Q

Pia mater

A

The inner layer of meninges
- Soft
- In contact with nervous tissue
- Tightly matches folds in the brain

63
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

The middle layer of meninges containing the subarachnoid space.
Is loose and attached to the pia matter by a web-like connective tissue.

64
Q

Dura Mater

A

The outer layer of meninges that’s tough and continuous with the periosteum of craneal bone but separates into 2 layers in some places. The inner layer goes down into the transverse fissures, separates hemispheres, separates cerebrum + cerebellum and carries blood back to heart
Also contains dural venous sinuses.

65
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Sits between the arachnoid and pia mater with weblike extensions connecting them and contains cerebral fluid.

66
Q

Dural Venous Sinuses

A

Space between the split membrane of dura that gathers blood from the brain and old CSF, then returns it to blood through the jugular vein and into the heart.

67
Q

Meningies → Brain
Order

A

Meningies → skull → dura → Arachnoid → subarachnoid space - spinal fluid → pia → brain

68
Q

Epidural space

A

Space filled with adipose between dura + bones.

Dura doesn’t make contact with bones of the spinal cord

69
Q
A

Anatomy (17 decks)

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