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Anatomy > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

Carbohydrates/ Lipids/ Protein Synthesis/ Nucleic Acid

1
Q

Types of organic macromolecules in living organisms

A
  1. Carbohydrates (monomers)
  2. Lipids (polymers)
  3. Protein (monomers)
  4. Nucleic Acid (monomers)
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2
Q

Monomers

A

Small molecules

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3
Q

Polymers

A

Large molecules made of many monomers.

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4
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Build a polymer by adding a monomer.

In the process, it releases a water molecule.

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Break a polymer into a monomer.

Water molecule is added to new molecules.

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6
Q

Carbohydrate traits

A
  • Energy storage
  • Structural
  • Signaling
  • Hydrophilic
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7
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Are the monomers of all carbohydrates.
They’re composed of:
* 3 - 7 Carbons
* Same # of oxygen
* 2x as many Hydrogends
Typically form rings + taste sweet

ex: Glucose + Fructose

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8
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides as a molecule that often taste sweet.

ex: Sucrose = table sugar
2 glucose and 1 fructose

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9
Q

Polysaccharides

What are they + ones covered in class

A

Molecules of many monosaccharides.
* Starch - not made by humans, made by plants, a major form of E in the human diet
* Glucogen - made by humans, used to store E, in liver and tissue cells
* Other polysaccharides are used for structure and signaling

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10
Q

Lipid traits

A
  • Lots of C + H
  • Hydrophobic (Many hydrophobic chemicals that can turn into each other)
  • Non-monomer
  • Used for: E storage, Signaling, Insulation + cushioning
  • Located in the Plasma membrane
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11
Q

Fatty Acids

A

are the simplest form of lipid.
If it has a long C-H chain = hydrophobic
If there’s a small carboxyl on top = hydrophilic

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12
Q

Saturated

fat

A
  • No double bond
  • Solid at room temp
  • Less healthy - can clog vessels
  • Comes from animals
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13
Q

Unsaturated

fats

A
  • Some double bonds
  • Liquid at room temp
  • More healthy
  • Comes from plants
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14
Q

Trans

fats

A
  • Double bonds are going in the wrong direction
  • Worse than saturated
  • Comes from an artificial process
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15
Q

Triglycerides

A
  • 1 glycerol (3 carbon sugar) + 3 fatty acids
  • E storage in fat cells + liver
  • Many types of cells in the body
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16
Q

Phosophilipids

A

MAJOR part of plasma membrane
* 2 Hydrophobic tails + hydrophilic head (contains P) making it Amphiphilic.

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17
Q

Amphiphilic

A

Molecule has hydrophobic + hydrophilic parts

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18
Q

Steroids

A

Lipid with 4 carbon rings.

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19
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Chemicals that signal whole body

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20
Q

Protein traits

A
  • Do stuff
  • Generate movement
  • Control chemical reactions (enzymes)
  • Structural
  • Move things across membranes
  • Signaling + receptors (detect other chemical signals)
  • Composed of long chain amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
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21
Q

Amino Acids

Definition + traits

A

Are the monomers of proteins.
1. Amino group NH3+ (hydrophilic)
2. Carboxyl group CO2- (hydrophilic)
3. Central C (hydrophilic) attached to other 4 parts
4. Side chain
* 20 types of AA w/ a different side chain giving it different chemical properties which affects how the AA works.

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22
Q

Peptide bonds

A

attach 2 amino acids together.
* Amino group of one connected to carboxyl group of another
* example of Dehydration synthesis

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23
Q

Protein sequence

Definition + function

A

is the order of amino acids in protein.
* Sequence of AAs determines the chemical property of protein + function of protein
* Folds into a 3D shape - shape is critical for function
* Shape of protein matches the shape of molecules it interacts with

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24
Q

Denature

A

process in which protein becomes unwound, loses its shape. Can occur when the wrong pH and/or high heat is present.

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25
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Occurs through a 2 part process
1. Transcription - RNA synthesis 2 (RNA acts as an intermediary)
2. Translation - DNA codes for how and when to make proteins (Proteins do everything in the cell)

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26
Q

Transcription

A

is the process of turning DNA to RNA (word for word).
1. Small part of DNA molecule is copied to RNA
2. RNA nucleotides brought in to match the ones on DNA
– Happens in the nucleus by proteins (enzymes)

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27
Q

Transcription vs DNA Replication

A

Transcription is like DNA replication:
* DNA strands separated
* Nucleotides brought in to match with DNA
Ways transcription is different:
* RNA nucleotides present
* Only one strand is copied
* Small part of DNA is copied
* RNA comes off at the end and the DNA comes back together

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28
Q

DNA Replication Steps

A
  • DNA nucleotides added
  • Both strands copied
  • Whole strand is copied
  • 2 new DNA strands made with 1 old and 1 new strand
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29
Q

Translation

A

is protein synthesis (mRNA sequence → protein sequence) that occurs in the cytoplasm by ribosomes.
* Sequence of nucleotides in mRNA corresponds to sequence of AA in protein
* mRNA is read to make protein in correct sequence
* 3 types of RNA involved

30
Q

mRNA

A

messengerRNA is a sequence of nucleotides that matches up with the sequence of amino acids in protein

31
Q

Codon

A

are a group of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that codes for one amino acid.
* 64 possible codons - many code for the same amino acid

32
Q

Genetic code

What does it do?

A

shows which codons code which amino acids, codes all 20 amino acids.

33
Q

tRNA

A

transferRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes to assemble into proteins, making it the physical embodiment of genetic code.
* One side has 3 nucleotides that match with 3 nucleotides of a codon
* The other side has amino acids for the codon
* Each codon has a different tRNA

34
Q

Ribosomes

Definition

A

are composed of protein and rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and are located in the cytoplasm.

35
Q

Ribosomes role in protein synthesis

A
  1. Reads along mRNA
  2. Brings in tRNA to match up with codons on mRNA
  3. Connects AA from tRNA into protein - this makes a peptide bond
  4. After adding each new AA to protein
    Ribosome moves down mRNA to next codon
  5. Brings tRNA that matches next codon
  6. Binds AA from tRNA to the growing protein
  7. Repeats until it reaches stop codon
36
Q

Post-translational modification

A

further changes proteins after translation and gives them their 3D shape.

37
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

= DNA + RNA

38
Q

DNA

A
  • Giant polymers with 100s of nucleotides
  • Information transfer between parent and child
  • 2 strands of nucleotides attached one after another
  • Formatted as phosphate - sugar - phosphate
  • Stores info on how + when to make proteins
39
Q

RNA

Definition + functions

A

is composed of shorter strands, the nucleotides are slightly different, and is a single strand that helps a cell read DNA + make protein.
Functions:
* Information storage
* Energy storage
* Signaling

40
Q

Nucleotides

Definition + traits

A

are the monomers of nucleic acids.
Composed of:
1. Central sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
2. 1 - 3 Phosphate groups (PO4-)
3. Base: (A) - T / (G) - C / (T) - A / (C) - G

41
Q

ATP

Definition + traits

A

= adenosine triphosphate, a nucleotide with 3 phosphates.
* Used throughout cell for energy
* Used by proteins
* Used to do many things

42
Q

Enzymes

Definition + purposes

A

are proteins that stimulate chemical reactions.
* Each enzyme stimulates a different chemical reaction
* Enzymes lower activation energy, thus speeding up a chemical reaction and doesn’t effect chemical equilibrium - just reaches it faster
* The cell can control what chemical reactions are happening by controlling what enzymes are present
* Can also stimulate endergonic reactions

43
Q

Active side

Definition + Process

A

part of an enzyme that blinds substrates, matches shape + chemical composition.
1. Binds substrate at active side
2. Stimulates chemical reaction
3. Releases the products

44
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

spontaneous chemical reactions

45
Q

Activation Energy

A

Energy you have to put in to start a chemical reaction (even 4 exergonic), slowing down the chemical reaction.

46
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Endergonic reactions need energy
Energy from exergonic reactions can be used to stimulate the endergonic.

47
Q

ATP Coupling

A

Occurs when energy is released from ATP to be used in another chemical reaction.
Links an exergonic reaction to an endergonic reaction.

48
Q

Gene

A

Part of the DNA molecule that codes for mRNA.

49
Q

Expressing a gene

A

is to transcribe and translate the gene and make protein that it codes from.
* Different cell types express different genes

50
Q

Control regions

A

are part of the DNA that doesn’t code for protein - is close to the genes that do.

51
Q

Transcription factors

Definition + factors

A

are proteins that bind to the control regions of DNA. Binding turns on and off the expression of nearby genes.
* Which proteins you are making depends on which transcription factors are in cell
* One transition factor can control the expression of many genes, determining what protein a cell makes and determines function of cell

52
Q

Chemical signals

A

reffers to when one cell releases a chemical signal and another cell detects then responds.

53
Q

Ligand

Definition + traits

A

a chemical signal that the cell responds to. Different ligands have different effects.
* Can be bound to the membrane of the cell so 2 cells have to touch for the 2nd cell to detect
* Can be proteins, single amino acids, steroids, polysaccharides bound to the cells membrane, lipids
* Some can be released - traveling short distances and signal nearly cells, some travel long distances

54
Q

Hormones

A

= endocrines
* chemical signals released into the blood and signals cells thought the body

55
Q

Ligand receptor

A

responds to different ligands, if a cell doesn’t have a receptor then it wont respond.

56
Q

Epinephrine

How it works in the body

A
  1. blood vessels near skeletal muscles dilate
  2. visceral blood vessels constrict
    * different vessels have different receptors for epinephrine
57
Q

Receptor proteins

Definition + traits

A

transmembrane proteins that binds to ligand.
* Induces a response in the cells
* Different receptors bing to different ligands
* Different receptors have different effects

58
Q

Agonists

A

Are another chemical that binds on a receptor and it has same effect as a ligand.

59
Q

Antagonists

A

are another chemical that binds to the receptor but has no effect. This stops ligand from binding receptors so it doesn’t work.

60
Q

Single transduction

Definition + process

A

How a signal from outside the cell leads to a response inside the cell.
1. Receptor bings ligand + changes shape
2. Receptor activates 2nd messengers
3. Responses are generated by 2nd messengers inside the cell

61
Q

2nd messengers

A

Signals inside the cell that are activated by a receptor when it binds to a ligand.
* Can activate more 2nd messengers.

62
Q

Signalling Cascade

A

One 2nd messenger activates another creating a cascading effect. At each stage one 2nd Messenger can activate many 2nd messengers at next step.
* 1 activated receptor can have millions of activated 2nd messengers.

63
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The electrical charge across the membrane can act as a 2nd messenger.
The membrane potential changes when ion channels open and close. This can activate proteins.

64
Q

Ca++ signalling /
Intracellular Ca++

A

Occurs when lots of Ca++ in extra cellular fluid + SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) → opens Ca++ channel → Ca++ flows in → proteins bind to the Ca++ → become activated

Can act as a 2nd messenger

65
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Phosphate group is added to a protein top activate or deactivate the protein.

  • Kinases are enzymes that add phosphates to proteins
  • Phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphates from proteins
66
Q

Responses generated by 2nd messengers in the cell

List them

A
  • Turn on and off motor protein or an enzyme
  • Change gene expression
  • Change membrane proteins
67
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

Receptors inside the cell that:
1. can only detect ligands that can go through the phospholipid bilayer (gasses + steroids)
2. act slower than extracellular receptors
3. often directly affect gene expression

68
Q

Extracellular Receptors

A

Transmembrane proteins that detect and respond to chemicals outside the cell.
Direct: proteins, amino acids, carbs + some lipids
Respond: quickly but move transient

69
Q

G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)

A

The most common receptors bound to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Also considered a peripheral membrane protein because it’s bound to the inside of a membrane.
Different ones respond to different ligands, when bound it activates the receptor.
Other effects on the cell: actuates enzymes, opens ion channels

70
Q

Ligand Gated Ion Channel

A

An ion channel that opens or closes when it binds a ligand, changing the membrane potential of the cell

Anatomy (15 decks)

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