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Anatomy 20A > Practicle III > Flashcards

Practicle III Flashcards

1
Q

Identify receptor types

A

A. Tactile receptors/ corpuscles
B. Errector Pilli (sympathetic efferent)
C. Hair folicle receptor
D. Laminar corpuscle
E. Sweat gland (sympathetic efferent)
F. Thermoreceptor

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2
Q

What is this?
What structures do you see?

A

Motor neuron
1. Dendrites
2. Soma
3. Axon

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3
Q

What are these structures?

A

A. Axon terminal
B. Nucleus
C. Axon hillock
D. Synapse
E. Rough ER
F. Dendrite
G. Golgi

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4
Q

Name the structures labeled

A

A. Nucleus of Schwan cell
B. Myelin
C. Axon
D. Myelin sheeth
E. Endoneurium

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5
Q

What is this and the structures labeled?
High or low power?

A

Spinal Cord at low power
A. White matter
B. Grey Matter
C. Greater wing

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6
Q

What is this?
High or low power?

A

Motor neuron in a spinal cord at high power

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7
Q

What is this?
High or low power?

A

Nuron under high power

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8
Q

What is this?
What structures capsulate?
High or low power?

A

Neuron cross section at low power
Endoneurium wraps individual neurons into an insulating sheet
Perineurium wraps the neurons into fascicles

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9
Q

Name + Function

A

Astrocytes
Type of glial cell that:
- forms the brain blood barrier
- regulates the environment in the brain (CNS)
- braces neurons
- regulation metabolism of neurons in the brain

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10
Q

Name + Function

A

Ependymal cells (type of glial cells)
- found in ventricles of the brain
- makes cerebral spinal fluid

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11
Q

Name + Function

A

Oligodendrocyte (type of glial cell)
wraps cells in the brain and spine (CNS) with myelin

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12
Q

Name + Function

A

Satalite cells
Wraps cells in nerves (PNS) with myelin

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13
Q

Name + Function

A

Schwan cells (type of glial cells)
- surrounds cell bodies in ganglia (PNS)
- regulates chemical environment
- protects cells

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14
Q

When stimulating a muscle one time, what do you call this type of contraction?

A

Twitch

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15
Q

What happens to the force generated when stimulating a muscle twice in a row?

A

The total force generated will increase.

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16
Q

Temporal Sumation

A

2 contractions close to each other = get a stronger contraction, one starts before ends + add up together

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17
Q

What effect does increasing the frequency of sumations have on the strength of contraction?

A

The contractions get bigger + bigger

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18
Q

What effect does additional stimulations have after reaching the maximum force?

A

The force generated eventually caps out

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19
Q

Fused Tetanus

A

= Contraction close enough together that get some increase in strength
Can reach maximum strength for muscle fiber
When it reaches max, it can’t get stronger

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20
Q

At what length does a muscle achieve maximum force?

A

75mm

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21
Q

Why is a shorter muscle length weaker?

A

The actin fillaments bump into each other at the M-line so they can’t generate as much force.

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22
Q

Why is a muscle length longer than 75mm weaker?

A

Not all the myosin heads can overlap with the actin fillaments

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23
Q

Axon Diameter

A

How big around an axon is, + diameter
bigger diameter = faster signalling

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24
Q

Myelin

A

Plasma membrane wrapped around the axon that insulates and stops ions from leaking across the membrane

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25
Q

Myelin Sheath Gaps

A

Spots along the axon where there’s no myelin
- APs happen only at gaps
- No APs between where there’s myelin

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26
Q

Threshold

A

The potential at which an action potential is generated during depolarization.

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27
Q

Frequency

A

How often a neuron has an AP
Higher frequency APs = stronger signal

APs are all or nothing

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28
Q

Conduction Velocity

A

The speed at which an electrochemical impulse moves along a neural pathway. It can also refer to the speed at which an action potential travels.

AP speed on any given neuron, all APs are the same speed.
Dif neurons can be faster or slower

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29
Q

Interval

A

Frequency in which something occurs

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30
Q

Does muscle get shorter with .5g, 1g, and 1.5g weights?
What kind of contraction is this?

A

Yes, muscle gets shorter with each of the weights.
Isotonic contraction

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31
Q

What effect does increasing the weight have on the distance a muscle is able to lift?

A

Increasing the weight causes the distance lifted to lower.

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32
Q

Would a muscle shorten with 2g of weight?
What kind of contraction is this?

A

The muscle wouldn’t shorten because it’s an isometric contraction.

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33
Q

Why doesn’t a muscle get shorter when adding 2g?

A

The muscle length is stretched to it’s maximum and the weight doesn’t allow it to contract/ shorten.

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34
Q

Identify the labeled structures

Sheep’s brain

A

A. Occipital lobe
B. Parietal lobe
C. Frontal lobe
1. Cerebellum
2. Medulla
3. Pons
4. Spinal cord
5. Hypothalamus
6. Optic chiasma
7. Thalamus
8. Corpus collosum

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35
Q

What structures are the
arrows pointing to?

A
36
Q

What is this a model of?
What structures are the
arrows pointing to?

A

Brain Stem and Diencephalon
Purple: Medulla
Dark Blue: Pons
Light Blue: Midbrain
Green: Cerebral Aqueduct
Yellow: 4th Ventricle
Aqua: Choroid plexus
Red: Pineal gland

37
Q

What structures are the
arrows pointing to?

A
38
Q

What is this a model of?
What structures are the
arrows pointing to?

A

Model of Ventricles

39
Q

What are the functions of cerebral spinal fluid?

A

To provide a chemical buffer to prevent brain damage + washing away waste.

40
Q

What is cerebral spinal fluid made up of?

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Oxygen
Inorganic ions

41
Q

Where in the ventricles is cerebro spinal fluid made?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid is made in the choroid plexus of all 4 ventricles.

42
Q

Where does cerebral spinal fluid go when it leaves the 4th ventricle?

A

Into the subarachnoid space.

43
Q

How do the two halves of the thalamus communicate?

A

Medulla Oblongata

44
Q

Name the marked structures

A

I - Olfactory
II - Optic
III - Oculomotor
IV - Trochlear
V - Trigeminal
VI - Abducens
VII - Facial
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vegas
XI - Accessory
XII - Hypoglossal

45
Q

Name + function
Cranial Nerves I-VI

A

I - Olfactory – afferent smell
II - Optic – afferent vision
III - Oculormotor – efferent signals to muscles of the eye + iris
IV - Trochlear – wraps around the midbrain and comes out the front, efferent signals to eye muscle
V - Trigeminal – biggest mixed nerves, afferent signals from face skin, corea, + mouth, efferent signals to chewing muscles
VI - Abducens – efferent signals + moves the eyeball in the socket

46
Q

Name + function
Cranial Nerves VII - XII

A

VII - Facial – Afferent taste from anterior tongue, efferent signals to facial expression muscles
VIII - Vestibulocochlear – Afferent sound + balance
IX - Glossopharyngeal – Afferent taste from posterior tongue, efferent muscles of pharynx (gag)
X - Vegas – Afferent signals from pharynx, throax + abdomen (gag), efferent motor signals to viscea (abdominal organs)
XI - Accessory - Efferent to muscles in the neck
XII - Hypoglossal - Efferent to tongue

47
Q

What is this a model of?
What structures are the
arrows pointing to?

A
48
Q

What is this a model of?
What structures are the
arrows pointing to?

A

Spinal cord cross section with associated structures

49
Q

What are these structures called?

A
50
Q

What are these structures called?

A

Pink: Conus Medularis
Red: Cauda Equina
Orange: Femoral Nerve
Yellow: Lumbar plexus
Green: Sciatic Plexus
Blue: Sciatic Nerve

51
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons of neuron bodies in the grey matter.

52
Q

What is found at the anterior horn of the grey matter?

A

Anterior = Lateral
Cell bodies of sympathetic motor neurons.

53
Q

What is found in the posterior horn of the grey matter?

A

Posterior = Dorsal
Cell bodies of the neurons of the ascending tract.

54
Q

Where do you find spinal tracks going to the brain?

A

Posterior - found in dorsal + ventral

55
Q

Where do you find motor tracks in the spine?

A

Anterior/ Lateral
leaving the ventral root

56
Q

What type of impulses travel on the dorsal root?

A

Afferent sensory

57
Q

What type of impulses travel on the ventral root?

A

Efferent motor

58
Q

Afferent Neuron

A

Neuron carrying signals into the CNS

59
Q

Efferent Neuron

A

Neuron carrying signals out from the CNS

60
Q

Integration Center

A

Location that processes information about the stimulus + makes decisions

Part of the reflex arc

61
Q

Receptor

A

Detects sensory stimuli

62
Q

Reflex

A

An autonomic response to stimuli

63
Q

Patellar Tendon Reflex
- Where to hit with the hammer?
- Effector muscles?
- Nerve type?
- Action generated?

A
  • Hit the petellar tendon (right under the patella)
  • Activates the rectus femorus
  • Afferent and efferent signals through the femoral nerve
  • Extending the leg

somatic reflex

64
Q

What is the antagonist to the effector in a patellar tendon reflex?

A

Hamstring group

65
Q

Calcaneal Reflex
- Where to hit with the hammer?
- Effector muscles?
- Nerve type?
- Action generated?

A
  • Calcaneal tendon (barely above the ankle)
  • Gastrocnemius + soleus
  • Efferent + afferent sciatic nerve
  • Foot dorsiflexion

somatic reflex

66
Q

Which reflex would be quicker, calcaneal or patellar? Why?

A

Patellar, less distance to travel to and from the spinal cord.

67
Q

What is the benefit of a gag reflex?

A

To protect the body from potentially harmful/ dangerous matter coming in from the mouth.

somatic reflex

68
Q

What is the benefit of the cornea reflex?

A

To protect the organ from superficial physical damage that could lead to futher destruction of the cornea.
ex: dust, debris

somatic reflex

69
Q

Near Point (accommodation) Reflex

How to test?
What should the result be?

A

Stare at a tip 3in from the face for about 1min then look across the room.
The pupils constrict and focus like a camera lense

Autonomic reflex, occularmotor nerve - II

70
Q

Ciliospinal Reflex

How to test?
What should the result be?

A

1 person in front and behind the test subject, person in front distracts the subject, then person in back touches the hairs on the back of the test subject.
Eyes should dialate and goosebumps are possible

Autonomic reflex

71
Q

Is a Ciliospinal Reflex a sympathetic or parasympathetic response?

A

It’s a parasympathetic response because it triggers human’s fight/flight/freeze response that’s supposed to protect the self from danger.

72
Q

What happens to an individual in a dark space that’s had a bright light shine by their eyes?

A

The pupils dialate and constrict, pulsing until adjusted to right constriction.

73
Q

Levatation Reflex

How to test?
What should the result be?

A

Person stands in a doorway with palms pressing into it for 3 minutes.
Arms should raise once out of the doorway - TBD why

Autonomic reflex

74
Q

What model is this?
What structures are the arrows pointing to?

A

Reflex arc

75
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Receptors that detect chemical changes

76
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Generic term for receptors detecting external change.

77
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Detect mechanical deformations of receptors - like pressing

78
Q

Nociperceptors

A

Detects pain

79
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Detect changes in limb position

80
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detects temperature

81
Q

Visceroreceptors

A

Generic term for receptors that detect internal changes

82
Q

Tactile location testing is for…

A

Testing how large the receptor field is for laminated corpuscles in a certain area.
The closer a subject can pin point where a tester touched, the smaller the receptor field is.

83
Q

Water test tells us…

A

thermoreceptors can adjust to their enviroments, if their sensory quality is suddenly altered their modalities can switch and may also trigger nociperceptors (pain receptors).

84
Q

Measurement of spacing of tactile receptors tells us…

A

how distributed meissner’s corpuscles are in an area.

2-10 corpuscles could be attached to the same neuron. The fewer miessner’s corpuscles on a neuron the smaller the receptor field is.

85
Q

What is the relationship between lamellated corpuscles and sensory adaptation?

A

Lamellated corpuscles detect pressure change but if there’s no change, they stop reporting and reach sensory adaptaion until the next pressure change.

Anatomy 20A (20 decks)

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