Lab Practical #1 Flashcards
Up through integumentary system
1
Q
Body Cavities
List the types
A
Cranial
Thorasic
Abdominal
Vertebtal
Pelvic
2
Q
Cranial Cavity
A
Space that holds the brain.
3
Q
Vertebral Cavity
A
Holds the spinal cord.
4
Q
Thoracic Cavity
A
Is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.
Holds the lungs, heart, + esophagus
5
Q
Abdominal Cavity
A
Is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.
Holds the liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, and bladder.
6
Q
Pelvic Cavity
A
Positioned posterior to the abdominal carvity. Holds the rectum, urinary bladder, and uterus if applicable.
7
Q
Superior
A
Refers to something being closer to the head.
Only used for the head and trunk.
8
Q
Medial
A
Refers to something closer to the midline.
9
Q
Infertior
A
Refers to something closer to the pelvis.
Only used for the head and trunk.
10
Q
Anterior
A
Refers to something that’s to the front.
11
Q
Posterior
A
Refers to something that is twards the back.
12
Q
Proximal
A
Refers to its closer proximity to the point of attachment.
Used to refer to limbs
13
Q
Distal
A
Refers to something being further away from the point of attachment.
Used to refer to limbs
14
Q
Sagittal Section
A
A cut that divides something in half to make a left and right side.
15
Q
Transverse Section
A
Something that divides so you have a top and bottom.
16
Q
Frontal Section
Also known as Coronal Section
A
Something that divides front and back.
17
Q
Oblique Section
A
Something that cuts or goes at an angle.
18
Q
Anatomy of a microscope
(top to bottom)
A
- Eye pieces with ocular lens (10x)
- Neck
- Objective Lenses (4-100x)
- Stage with clamps
- Condenser
- Stage controls (closer to condenser), course focus (biggest nob), fine focus (nob within the course focus)
- Base (bulb is located in here)
19
Q
Ocular Lense
A
Sits under the eye piece with a magnification of 10x. This lense is not changable.
20
Q
Objective Lenses
A
Adjustable lenses above the stage.
Scanning (red) x 4
Low power (yellow) x 10
High power (blue) x 40
Occular + Objective
red 4 x 10 = 40x
yellow 10 x 10 = 100x
blue 40 x 10 = 400x
21
Q
Field of view
A
Refers to the width of the circle of light you can see when looking into a microscope.
Smaller the lense power, the larger the field of view.
22
Q
Steps to using a microscope
A
- Lowest objective lense in place (4x), the stage is completely lowered, light is on a low setting.
- Slide is placed on the stage and held in place by camps.
- Stage controls bring the specimen into view.
- Light and course focus are adjusted first followed by the fine focus to make the subject clearly visible.
- Step 4 is repeated with the additional objective lenses.
- Repeat step one after removing the slide from the stage.
- Turn off, cover & store microscope
23
Q
Nucleus
In regards to a cell
A
The center of the cell that holds the genetic code to make proteins.
24
Q
Free Ribosomes
A
Ribosomes that float in cytoplasm to produce proteins that are made to stay in the cells.
25
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
## Footnote
rough ER
Site of protein synthesis. Once the protein is made it's packaged in the golgi complex to be sent out of the cell or into the cell membrane.
26
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
## Footnote
smooth ER
ER with no ribosomes attached. It can make fats (like cholesterol + phospholipids) and glycogen, store calcium, and help detoxify waste.
27
Golgi Complex
acts like a distribution center
Packages material that's going to leave the cell.
28
Mitochondria
The power house of the cell!
Site of ATP generation for the cell.
29
Centriol
Produces spindle out of microfilaments to aid in cellular division.
## Footnote
Not present in nerve cells
30
Cytoplasm
Fluid found within the cell.
Site of the cells metabolic activities.
31
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes that help break down substances for the cell.
32
Peroxisome
Contain catalase and peroxidase enzymes which help neutralize free radicales.
| Organelle that has enzymes to neutralize free radicals
33
Mitosis Phases
1. Prophase (pro = before)
2. Metaphase (meta = across/ between)
3. Anaphase (ana = up)
4. Telophase (telo = end)
34
Prophase identifiers
* **Chromosomes are visible**
* **Centrioles moving to poles**
* Nuclear envelope is disolving
35
Metaphase identifiers
* Chromosome pairs line up across the center
* Centrioles make spindles that attach to the chromosomes
36
Anaphase identifiers
Centrioles pull the chromosomes apart
37
Telophase identifiers
* New cell starts to pinch off
* 2 daughter cells are the result
38
Simple Diffusion
The movement of a substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.
39
Facilitated Diffusion
The diffusion of a substance from a higher concentration to a lower concentration **with the help of a carrier molecule**.
40
Active Transport
The diffusion of substances from a lower concentration to higher with transport proteins (pumps)
41
Carrier saturation
Carrier (proteins) saturation = too much
Occurs when there's more molecules than binding sites on carrier proteins availble.
42
Factors that affect the rate of simple diffusion
1. Temperature
2. Concentration gradient
43
What type of molecules can diffuse through the cell membrane by simple diffusion?
Hydrophobic molecules - cell membrane is made of phospholipids
44
Epithelial Tissue
Can be identified by its apical surface next to the lumen.
It functions to form body linings.
These tissues can secrete, absorb, or protect
45
Tissue Classes
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
46
Nervous tissue
Identifiable by the presence of neurons and glia cells.
Responsible for sending, receiving, and responding to messages (stimuli) from the body.
47
Muscle Tissue
Functions to move substances throughout the body. Is able to recieve and respond to stimuli. Contractible.
48
Connective tissue
So diverse that it requires sub-categories:
* Dense - bone, cartilage, tendons
* Loose - areolar, adipose
* Fluid - blood
These tissues can secrete an ECM of salts and protein fibers, elastic and collegent fibers are present around the cells in the matrix.
49
Simple Squamous
## Footnote
Characteristics + Location
Simple = one layer Squamous = flat
Thin enough for substances to simply diffuse and has a lot of lumen present
Location: Lungs, Capillaries, Veins
50
Stratified Squamous
## Footnote
Characteristics + Location
Stratified = multiple layers Squamous = flat
Epithelial tissue with multiple layers without any gaps and the most superficial layer consistently sluffing off.
Location: Mouth, Esophagus, Vagina, Skin
51
Simple Cuboidal
## Footnote
Characteristics + Location
Simple = one layer
Cuboidal = roughly square/ rectangular shaped
Cells squarish shape allows them to secrete or absorb. This epithelial tissue has gaps of lumen present.
Location: Kidneys, Ducts of glands, Ovaries
52
Simple Columnar
## Footnote
Characteristics + Location
Simple = one layer
Columar = column/ tubular shape
Functions to absorb and process nutrients. Blood vessels and lumen can be found nearby.
Location: Small intestine, Uterus, Fallopian tube
53
Pseudo-stratified Columnar
## Footnote
Characteristics + Location
Pretends to look like stratified columnar epithelia but the nuclei don't line up. Goblet cells are present nearby for secretion and cillica or microvilli sit above the layers.
Location: Trachea, Nassal cavity, Testicles
## Footnote
No such thing as a stratified columnar tissue
54
Transitional tissue
## Footnote
Characteristics + Location
Epithelial tissue that has cells with no distinct shape, giving them the ability to stretch, and has several nonspecific layers. Smooth muscle can be found on one side of the tissue and lumen on the other.
Location: Urinary bladder, Ureters (tubes that connect kidneys to bladder), Urethra, Ducts of prostate
55
Skeletal Muscle
## Footnote
Characteristics + Location
Long fiberous cells that run parellel with multiple nuclei, giving it a banded + stacked in appearance. They're responsible for contracting and movement.
Location: Attached to bone
56
Cardiac Muscle
## Footnote
Characteristics + Location
Shorter cells than skeletal muscle that also branch off to create junctions (the only muscle that has them).
*looks like a really marbled steak*
Location: Heart
57
Smooth Muscle
## Footnote
Characteristics + Location
Cells appear short and spindled (kinda like a cone incence).
Location: Lining - digestive tract, blood vessel walls, urinary walls
58
Type of cells in the stratum basale + their functions
Melanocytes - produce the pigmentation in skin
Puripotent - stem cells to replace what's lost with friction
59
Stratum Spinosum
## Footnote
Location, components, + functions
Sits above the stratum basale. Has keratinocytes - cells that make keratin - tough waterproof protein.
60
Stratum Granulosum
## Footnote
Location, components, + functions
Sits above the stratum spinosum. Keratin cells are further waterproofed by glycolipids.
61
Stratum Lucidum
## Footnote
Location, components, + functions
Thick layer that sits above the stratum granulosum, only on the palms of hands and soles of feet.
62
Stratum Corneum
## Footnote
Location, components, + functions
Top layer of epidermis that's composed of dead cells that are constantly being sluffed off.
63
What's the difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?
Eccrine:
* Found all over the body
* Secretory part is coiled in the dermis
* Mostly contains: water, salt + waste
Apocrine:
* only found in armpits + around genitals
* Lipids and carbs are present → body odors after bacterial degredation (probably pharamones)
* Secretory part is deeper
64
Sensory receptors in dermis
* Lamellated corpuscles
* Temp receptors
* Pain receptors
65
Membrane types
## Footnote
Only ones covered in class
* Cutaneous - skin
* Mucous - contains glands
* Serous - secrete fluid
* Epithelial - attaches epithelial to connective
66
Integumentary glands
* Sweat: Eccrine, apocrine
* Mammary - midified sweat
* Sebaceous - secrete sebum onto hair follicle
67
Sebum
Substance that coats the skin, provides lubrication + makes skin waterproof.
68
Dermis
* 2 layers of connective tissues under the epidermis: Papillary, Reticular
* Makes up most of the skin
* Gives skin elasticity
* Contains blood vessels + neurons
69
Reticular Dermis
Deepest layer and composes most of the dermis with dense irregular connective tissue. The dense bundles of collagen fibers go in all directions that resist stretching in all directions with cleavage lines within the bundles.
70
Papillary Dermis
Top layer of dermis composed of superficial areolar (Ioose irregular connective) tissue with lots of space between the protein fibers and blood vessels throughout (material diffuses though the epidermis).
