Skeleton Flashcards
<p>
| Axial Skeleton</p>
<p>
| skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum and hyoid</p>
Appendicular Skeleton
pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity
Kinesiology, physical therapy, and other medical and scientific fields have a specific vocabulary for the movement of ______ joints.
synovial
The terms for joint movements: many of which are presented in _____ or groups with ______ or contrasting meanings.
pairs, opposite
When one is standing in anatomical position, each joint is said to be in its ______ _____. Joint movements can be described as deviating from the ______ ______ or returning to it.
zero position, zero position
Any point where two bones meet is called a _____ (______), whether or not the bones are moveable at that interface.
joint (articulation)
The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called ________.
arthrology
The study of musculoskeletal movement is _________.
kinesiology
Kinesiology is a branch of __________, which deals with a wide variety of movements and mechanical processes in the body, including the physics of blood _______, _______, and _________.
biomechanics, circulation, respiration, hearing
The name of a joint is typically derived from the names of the ______ involved.
bones
Joints are classified according to the manner in which the ______ bones are _____ to each other, with corresponding ________ in how freely the bones can move.
adjacent, bound, differences
Authorities differ in their classification schemes, but one common view places the joints in four major categories: _____, ______, ______, and ______.
bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
A ______ ______, or ________, is an immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become, in effect, a single bone.
bony joint, synostosis
Bony joints can form by ossification of either _______ or ________ joints.
fibrous, cartilaginous
A fibrous joint is also called a ________ or _______ joint.
synarthrosis, synarthrodial
A ________ joint is a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other.
fibrous
There are three kinds of fibrous joints: ______, ______, and ______.
sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
A ________ is a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers than in a suture or gomphosis, giving the bones more mobility.
syndesmosis
While the range of motion differs greatly among syndesmoses, all of them are more mobile than sutures or gomphoses. One of the less moveable syndesmoses is the joint that binds the distal ends of the ______ and ______ together, side by side.
tibia, fibula
A more moveable syndesmoses exists between the shafts of the _____ and _____, which are joined by a fibrous sheet called an _______ ______ that allows for movements such as pronation and supination of the forearm.
radius, ulna, interosseous membrane
A ________ joint is also called an amphiarthrosis or amphiarthrodial joint. In these joints, two bones are linked by ________.
cartilaginous, cartilage
The two types of cartilaginous joints are ________ and ________.
synchondroses, symphyses
A synchondrosis is a joint in which the bones are bound by ______ cartilage. An example is a ______ joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child, formed by the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate.
hyaline, temporary
Another example of a synchondrosis is the attachment of the first rib to the sternum by a _____ costal ______. The other cartilages are joined to the sternum by synovial joints.
hyaline, cartilage
In a symphysis, two bones are joined by _______. One example is the pubic symphysis, in which the right and left pubic bones are joined by the cartilaginous ______ _____. Another is the joint between the bodies of two vertebrae, united by an _______ ______.
fibrocartilage, interpubic disc, intervertebral disc
Each ______ disc permits only slight movement between adjacent vertebrae, but the collective effect of all ____ discs gives the spine considerable flexibility.
intervertebral, 23
The most familiar type of joint is the ______ joint, also called the ______ or ______ joint.
synovial, diathrosis, diathrodial
In synovial joints, the facing surfaces of the two bones are covered by _______ cartilage, a layer of hyaline cartilage usually about 2 or 3 mm thick. These surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the ____ (_____) ______, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid.
articular, joint (articular) cavity
Most synovial joints are _____ _____.
freely movable
Synovial joints are the most _____ ____ type of joint and are the most likely type to develop ______ and ______ dysfunctions.
structurally complex, uncomfortable, crippling
_______ fluid, for which the joint is named, is rich in _______ and hyaluronic acid, which gives it a viscous, slippery texture similar to raw egg white. It ______ the articular cartilages, removes their ______, and makes movements at synovial joints almost _____ free.
Synovial, albumin, nourishes, wastes, friction
A connective tissue ____ (______) capsule encloses the cavity and retains the fluid. It has an outer _____ ____ continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones, and an inner, cellular _____ ____ that is composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete the fluid, and is populated by macrophages that removes debris from the joint cavity.
joint (articular), fibrous capsule, synovial membrane
Accessory structures associated with a synovial joint include ____, _____, and ____.
tendons, ligaments, bursae
A ______ is a strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. ______ are often the most important structures in stabilizing a joint.
tendon, tendons
A _______ is a tissue similar to a tendon that attaches one bone to another.
ligament
A _______ is a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin.
bursa
________ cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints, and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which its tendon pulls.
Bursae
_____ _____ are elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon, seen especially in the hand and foot.
Tendon sheaths
One aspect of joint performance and physical assessment of a patient is a joint’s flexibility, or ____ __ _____ (___) - the degrees through which a joint can move.
range of motion (ROV)
The ROM of a joint is normally determined by the following factors:
structure of the articular surfaces of the bones, strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules, action of the muscles and tendons
Structure of the articular surfaces of the bones: you cannot straighten your elbow beyond 180 degrees because, as it straightens, the _____ of the _____ swings into the _____ ____ of the ______.
olecranon, ulna, olecranon fossa, humerus
Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules: stretching of ligaments increases ___ ___ ____. ____-____ people have long or slack ligaments.
range of motion, double-jointed
Action of the muscles and tendons: even a resting muscles maintains a state of tension called ____ ___, which serves in many ways to stabilize the joint. The _____ ____ continually monitors and adjusts joint angles and muscle tone to maintain joint stability and limit unwanted movements.
muscle tone, nervous system
A moving bone has a relatively stationary ___ __ ____ that passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plane of movement.
axis of rotation
Because the arm can move in all three anatomical planes, the shoulder joint is said to have three ____ ____ ____, or to be a ______ joint.
degrees of freedom, multiaxial
Joints other than the arm move through only one or two plans; they have one or two degrees of freedom and are called ______ and ______ joints, respectively.
monaxial, biaxial
Ball-and-socket joints. These are the _____ and ____ joints - the only _______ joints in the body.
shoulder, hip, multiaxial
In both cases of the shoulder and hip, one bone (the humerus or femur) has a smooth _______ head that fits into a cuplike ______ on the other (the glenoid cavity of the scapula or the acetabulum of the hip bone).
hemispherical, socket
_______ (______) _______: These joints exhibit an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other. The radiocarpal joint of the wrists and metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers are examples.
Condylar (ellipsoid) joints
The ______ (_____) _______ are biaxial joints, capable of movement in two planes.
condyloid (ellipsoid) joints
In ____ _____, both bones have a saddle-shaped surface - concave in one direction and convex in the other.
saddle joints
The clearest example of a ____ ____ is the trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb. These joints are _____.
saddle joint, biaxial
Another ____ ____ is the sternoclavicular joint, where the clavicle articulates the sternum.
saddle joint
_____ (_____) _____: The adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement. ____ ____ are found between the carpal bones of the wrist, the tarsal bones of the ankle, and the articular processes of the vertebrae.
Plane (gliding) joints, plane joints
Plane joints are usually ______. Although any one joint moves only _______, the combines action of the many joints in the wrist, ankle, and vertebral column allows for a significant amount of overall movement.
biaxial, slightly
_____ _____ are essentially monaxial joints, moving freely in one plane with very little movement in any other. Examples include the _____, ____, and ______ (finger and toe) joints.
Hinge joints, elbow, knee, interphalangeal
In ____ _____, one bone with a convex surface fits into a concave depression on the other bone.
hinge joints
In _______ joints, one bone has a projection that is held in place by a ring-like ligament.
pivot
In ______ joints, the bone spins on its longitudinal axis. There are two principle examples: the _______ joint between with first two vertebrae, and the _____ joint at the elbow.
pivot, atlantoaxial, radioulnar
Pivot joints are ________ joints.
monoaxial
________ is a broad term for pain and inflammation of a joint and embraces more than a hundred different diseases of largely obscure or unknown causes.
Arthritis
In all of its forms, _________ is the most common crippling disease in the United States; nearly everyone past middle age develops ______ to some degree. CDC value of _____ million US adults in 2005.
arthritis, arthritis, 26.9
Physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders are called _________.
rheumatologists
The most common form of arthritis is _________ (__), also called “wear-and-tear arthritis” because it is apparently a normal consequence of years of wear on the joints.
osteoarthritis (OA)
Osteoarthritis: As the joints age, the ______ cartilage softens and degenerates. As the cartilage becomes roughened by wear, joint movement may be accompanied by crunching or crackling sounds called ________. As the articular cartilage wears away, exposed bone tissue often develops _____ that grow into the joint cavity, restrict movement, and cause pain.
articular, crepitus, spurs
_________ ________ (___), which is far more severe than osteoarthritis, results from an autoimmune attack against the joint tissues.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Failing to recognize the body’s own tissues, a misguided antibody known as _______ _______ also attacks the synovial membranes. Inflammatory cells accumulate in the ______ fluid and produce enzymes that degrade the _______ cartilage.
rheumatoid factor, synovial, articular
In rheumatoid arthritis, as articular cartilage degenerates, the joint begins to ossify, and sometimes the bones become solidly fused and immobilized, a condition called ________.
ankylosis
In rheumatoid arthritis, because longterm use of steroids weaken the bone, _______ is the treatment of first choice to control the inflammation.
asprin
In rheumatoid arthritis, __________ is a treatment of last resort. It is the replacement of a diseased joint with an artificial device called ________.
arthroplasty, prosthesis
