Nervous System Flashcards
Endocrine and Nervous System maintain internal _______.
coordination
Endocrine system: communicates by means of _________ messengers (________) secreted into the blood.
chemical, hormones
Nervous system: employs _______ and _______means to send messages from ____ to _____.
electrical, chemical, cell, cell
The nervous system carries out its coordinating task in 3 basic steps: 1. Through _____ _____ and simple sensory _____ _____, it receives information about changes in the body and the external environment and transmits coded messages to the _____ _____ and _____. 2. The spinal cord and brain process the information, relate it to _____ experience, and determine what response, if any, is appropriate to the circumstances. 3. the spinal cord and brain tissue commands primarily to _____ and _____ cells to cary out such responses.
sense organs, nerve endings, spinal cord, brain, past, muscle, gland
The nervous system has two major anatomical subdivisions: 1. The ______ ______ _____ consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are enclosed by the ______ and ______ column. This is the ______ motor neurons. 2. The _____ _____ _____ consists of all the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. It is composed of _____ and _____. The is the _____ motor neurons.
central nervous system, cranium, vertebral, upper, peripheral nervous system, nerves, ganglia, lower
A _____ is a bundle of nerve fibers (____) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue.
nerve, axons
A _____ is a knotlike swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated.
ganglion
The ______ (_____) division of the peripheral nervous system carries sensory signals from various receptors to the CNS. This is the pathway that informs the CNS of stimuli _____ and _____ the body.
sensory, afferent, within, around
The ______ sensory division carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints. The ______ sensory division carries signals mainly from the the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, such as the heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder.
somatic, visceral
The ______ (______) division of the peripheral nervous system carries signals from the CNS to gland and muscle cells that carry out the body’s responses. Cells and organ that respond to commands from the nervous system are called ______.
motor, efferent, effectors
The ______ motor division carries signals to the skeletal muscles. This output produces muscular contractions that are under voluntary control, as well as involuntary muscle contractions called _____ reflexes.
somatic, somatic
The _____ motor division (______ nervous system) carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. We usually have no voluntary control over these effectors, and this system operates on an _______ level.
visceral, autonomic, unconscious
The grey matter has a relatively dull color because it contains little _____. It contains the somas, dendrites, and proximal parts of the axons of neurons. It is the site of all ______ integration in the CNS.
myelin, synaptic
White matter, has a bright, pearly white appearance, which its gets from an abundance of ______. It is composed of bundles of ______, called tracts, that carry _______ from one part of the CNS to another.
myelin, axons, signals
The spinal cord has a central core of gray matter that looks somewhat ______ (____) shaped in cross sections. The core consists of two _____ (_____) ____, which extend toward the posteriolateral surfaces of the cord, and two thicker _____ (____) ____, which extend toward the anterolateral surfaces.
butterfly (or H), posterior (dorsal) horns, anterior (ventral) horns
The right and left sides of the gray matter are connected by a _____ _____. In the middle of the commissure is the _____ ____, lined with ______ cells, and filled with _____.
gray commissure, central canal, ependymal, CSF
Near its attachment to the spinal cord, a spinal nerve branches into a posterior (______) root and anterior (______) root. The posterior root carries _____ ____ fibers. The anterior root of spinal nerve carries only _____ fibers.
dorsal, ventral, sensory nerve, motor
An additional lateral horn is visible on each side of the gray matter from ____ through ____. It contains neurons of the ______ nervous system.
T2, L1, sympathetic
The white matter of the spinal cord _____ the gray matter. It consists of bundles of _____ that course up and down the cord and provide avenues of communication between different levels of the _____. These bundles are arranged in three pairs called _____ (or ______) - a posterior (dorsal), lateral, and anterior (ventral) column on each side. Each column consists of subdivisions called _____, or ______.
surrounds, axons, CNS, columns (or funiculi), tracts, or faciculi
Ascending tracts carry _____ _____ up the cord, and descending tracts conduct ____ ____ down.
sensory information, motor impulses
Spinal cord ends at ____ and becomes the “____ _____.”
L1, cauda equina
______ (______) nerves carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.
Sensory, afferent
