Osteology Flashcards
The study of bone:
osteology
The skeletal system is composed of _______, ________, and ________ joined tightly to form a strong, flexible _______ for the body. ________, the forerunner of most bones, covers many joint surfaces in the mature skeleton.
bones, cartilages, ligaments, framework, Cartilage
__________ hold bones together at the joints.
ligaments
________ attach muscle to bone.
Tendons
The functions of the skeleton:
Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation
Support: Bones of the lower limb, pelvis, and vertebral column ____ __ the body; nearly all bones provide support for the _______; the ______ and ______ support the teeth.
hold up, muscles, mandible, maxilla
Protection: Bones enclose and protect the ______, _____ _____, ______, and ______.
brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs
Movement: ______ movements, _______, and other movements are produced by the action of _____ on the bones.
limb, breathing, muscles
Electrolyte balance: the skeleton stores _____ and _____ ___ and releases them into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body’s physiological needs.
calcium, phosphate ions
Acid-base balance: Bone tissue buffers the blood against excessive ___ changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts such as calcium phosphate.
pH
Blood formation: ____ bone marrow is the major producer of blood cells, including cells of the immune system.
Red
Bone, or ______ _____, is a connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of ____ _____ and other minerals. The hardening process is called ________ or _________.
osseous tissue, calcium phosphate, mineralization, calcification.
Osseous tissue is only one of the tissues that make up a bone. Also present are ____, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, ______ tissue, and fibrous connective tissue.
blood, nervous
Osseous tissue continually _______ itself and interacts physiologically with all of the other organ systems of the body.
remodels
Long bones: Much of it is composed of an outer shell of dense white osseous tissue called ______ (______) _______. The cylinder encloses a space called the _________ _______, or _______ ______, which contains bone marrow.
compact (dense) bone, medullary cavity, marrow cavity
Long bones: At the ends of the bone, the central space is occupied by a more loosely organized form of osseous tissue called ______ (______) ______.
spongy (cancellous) bone
The skeleton is about ___ compact bone and ___ spongy bone by weight. Spongy bone is found at the _____ of the long bones and in the ______ of nearly all others. It is always enclosed by more durable ______ _____.
3/4, 1/4, ends, middle, compact bone
<p>
The principle features of a long bone are its shaft, called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and an expanded head at each end called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The \_\_\_\_\_\_ provides leverage, and the \_\_\_\_\_\_ is enlarged to strengthen the joint and provide added surface area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments.</p>
<p>
| diaphysis, epiphysis, diaphysis, epiphysis</p>
Long bones: The joint surface where one bone meets another is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage called the ____ ____. Together with a lubricating fluid secreted between the bones, this cartilage enable a joint to move ______.
articular cartilage, easily
Long bones: Blood vessels penetrate into the bone through minute holes called ________ ______.
nutrient foramina
Long bones: Externally, a bone is covered with a sheath called the _______. There is no _____ over the articular cartilage.
periosteum, periosteum
Long bones: The internal surface of a bone is lined with _______, a thin layer of reticular connective tissue with cells that dissolve osseous tissue and others that deposit it.
endosteum
In children and adolescents, an _______ _____ of hyaline cartilage separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis. The ______ _____ is a zone where the bones grow in length.
epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal plate
In adults, the ______ _____ is depleted and the bones can grow no longer, but an ______ ____ marks where the plate used to be. This is also know as the ________ ______.
epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line, metaphysis region
_____ _____ are conspicuously longer than wide. ____ ____ enclose and protect soft organs and provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment.
Long bones, Flat bones
Boney Prominences: _______: articular surface. ______: sides of joints.
Condyle, Epicondyle
Boney Prominences: ________: openings in bone/tissue. ______: narrow tube/channel.
Foramen, Canal
______ ______:enhance leverage and decrease joint stress.
Sesamoid Bones
Four principle types of bone cells:
osteogenic (osteoprogenator) cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
_______ are bone-forming cells. They are roughly cuboidal or angular, and line up in a single layer on the bone surface under the ______ and _______ and resemble a cuboidal epithelium.
Osteoblasts, endosteum, periosteum
________ synthesize the soft organic matter of the bone matrix, which then hardens by mineral deposition. Stress and fractures stimulate osteogenic cells to multiply more rapidly and quickly generate increased numbers of ______, which reinforce or rebuild the bone.
Osteoblasts, osteoblasts
________ are former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited. They reside in tiny cavities called _______, which are interconnected by slender channels called _______.
Osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi
_________ have multiple functions. Some resorb bone matrix and others deposit it, so they contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of both bone density and blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions. Perhaps even more importantly, they are _____ _____: they secrete biochemical signals that may regulate _____ _____.
Osteocytes, strain sensors, bone remodeling
________ are bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface. Bone remodeling results from the combined action of these bone-dissolving ________ and bone-depositing _______.
Osteoclasts, osteoclasts, osteoblasts
