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Anatomy > Skeletal system notes from class > Flashcards

Skeletal system notes from class Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 fxns of the skeletal system

A

support and shape
movement
protection
storage of minerals
storage of lipids
blood cell production

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2
Q

where does movement occur

A

at joints

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3
Q

what bones are involved in protection

A

cranium of brain
ribcage of internal organs

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4
Q

how much of bone is inorganic salts

A

about 2/3

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5
Q

how much of the bodys Ca++ is in bone

A

about 99 %

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6
Q

what si phosphate needed for

A

energy
component of nucleic acid
modulating protein activity

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7
Q

what is calcium needed for

A

keeping bones hard
nervous impulses
muscle contraction
clotting

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8
Q

where are lipids stored

A

in the shaft of the bone, whcih is hollow

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9
Q

what is the shaft of a bone filled with

A

yellow bone marrow/fat

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10
Q

what is hemopoiesis

A

the formation of all red blood cells, and white blood cells, and platelets

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11
Q

where is red bone marrow located

A

at the epiphyses of long bones
body of vertebrae

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12
Q

where is yellow bone marrow loacted

A

diaphysis/ shaft of bones

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13
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

puts calcium in the bones

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14
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do

A

obtain calcium by degrading bone

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15
Q

how may named bones are there

A

206

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16
Q

what are the 3 cartilages

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

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17
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

nose
ends of bones
ribs

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18
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A

intervertebral disc
pubic symphysis

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19
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

auricle
epigoitis (flap of pharynx)

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20
Q

what cartilage is tougher

A

fibrocartilage

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21
Q

what cartilage has more collagen fibers…. which has more elastic ?…. which is the most common?

A

fibrocartilage has more collagen
elastic cartilagee has more elastic fibers
hyaline cartilage is the most common form

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22
Q

what are articular discs

A

flat bands of fibrocartilage

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23
Q

what do tendons do

A

connect bone to muscle
stability/movement

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24
Q

what do ligaments do

A

connect bone to bone
stability

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25
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae, tharacic cage

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26
Q

what are the 4 main parts of the appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle, upper apendage, pelvic girdle, lower apendage

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27
Q

how is compact bone organized

A

into parallel osteons/haversian systems

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28
Q

how does compact bond increase strength

A

it is layered up and down
it can withstand compression

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29
Q

how are osteons arranged in spongy bone

A

irregularly

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30
Q

what are the 6 histology portions of compact bone

A

haversian systems
haversian canal
lamellae
osteocytes within lacunae
canaliculi
perforating/volkmanns canal

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31
Q

what are hvaersian canals

A

openings in the center of compact bone

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32
Q

does spongy bone have haversian canals

A

no

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33
Q

what are lamellae

A

layers of Ca++ salts

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34
Q

what are osteocytes

A

bone cells

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35
Q

what are lacunae

A

small gaps in bone tissue

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36
Q

what are canaliculi

A

little tunnels between lacunae

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37
Q

where do canaliculi open in compact bone

A

to the haversian canal

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38
Q

what is the perforating/volkmanns canal

A

the entrance point for blood vessels/nerves
they look horizontal

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39
Q

where is spongy bone found

A

at epiphyses between layers of compact bone

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40
Q

what are the 5 main histology parts of spongy bone

A

trabeculae
lamellae
osteocytes with lacunae
canaliculi
red bone marrow

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41
Q

what is trabeculae

A

thin plates of bone

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42
Q

what do canaliculi open to in spongy bone

A

they connect lacunae and open to outside of the trabeculae

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43
Q

where is red bone marrow found in spongy bone

A

filling the spaces

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44
Q

what makes each trabeculae

A

a single osteon

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45
Q

ahat are the layers of bone

A

periosteum
endosteum
medullary cavity

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46
Q

wher is periosteum

A

superficial

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47
Q

where is endosteum

A

deeper than periosteum

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48
Q

what are the layers of periosteum

A

fibrous later - dense, irreg Ct,
cellular layer- osteogenic cells and osteoclasts

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49
Q

what is the fibrous layer of periosteum continuous with

A

tendon

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50
Q

what do osteogenic cells do

A

build new bone

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51
Q

what layers are in endosteum

A

cellular layer only
osteogenic and osteoclast cells

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52
Q

what is the medullary cavity

A

the holllowed area found in the middle of the diaphysis

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53
Q

what does the medullary cavity store

A

lipids/fats

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54
Q

what are the 4 bone cell types

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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55
Q

how much of bone tissue is made up of bone cells

A

about 2 %

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56
Q

where do osteoprogenitor cells form from

A

mesoderm

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57
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

osteogenesis

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58
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells
involved in bone maintenacne

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59
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

break down bone

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60
Q

what are osteoclasts derived from

A

luekocytes

61
Q

what does bone buidling

A

osteoblasts

62
Q

what does bone recycling

A

osteoclasts

63
Q

what must blanace for there to be homeostasis

A

bone building must balance bone recycling

64
Q

when does osteoporosis occur

A

when there is high bone recycling and low bone building

65
Q

when does fibrodysplasia obsificans progressive occur

A

whene there is and icnrease in bone building and a decrease in bone recycling

66
Q

what does the nuclues look like in osteoblasts

A

is prominant

67
Q

what is needed for protein synthesis in osteoblasts

A

rough er and mitochondira

68
Q

what are the two ways osteogenesis occurs

A

collagen synthesis/secretion
and calcification

69
Q

what does calcification form

A

ca ++ salt crystals on the collagen
makes hydroxyapatite
this is hard like glass

70
Q

what cells do collagen synthesis and calcification

A

osteoblasts

71
Q

what are immature bone cells

A

osteoblasts

72
Q

what does the nucleus look like in osteocytes

A

prominant like osteoblasts

73
Q

what does they cytoplasm look like in osteocytes

A

a thin run

74
Q

where are osteoclasts located

A

within the cellular layer of periosteum/endosteum

75
Q

what are osteoclasts derived from

A

monocytes

76
Q

are osteoclasts large or small? how many nuclei?

A

large, multinucleated (5-200)

77
Q

how are osteoclasts made

A

due to fusion of multiple cellss

78
Q

what are the 4 areas in osteoclasts

A

resorptive surface
ruffled border
clear zone
vesicular region

79
Q

what do osteoclasts incerase for digestion

A

Surface area

80
Q

what does the resorptive surface look like in osteoclasts

A

it is the bone itself
has a frayed edge/border
(its partially digested)

81
Q

what does the ruffled border look like

A

branched, fingerlike extentions that poke into bone surface

82
Q

where is the clear zone

A

on either side of ruffled border

83
Q

what is the clear zone devoid of

A

organelles

84
Q

what is the vesicular region

A

where vessicles are present
it contains enzymes and acids

85
Q

what are the 2 steps of bone digestion

A
  1. focal decalcification
  2. extracellular digestion
86
Q

what happens at focal decalicifaciton

A

removal of ca++ salts
decresing pH be secreting acid
bone becomes softer there

87
Q

what happens during extracellular digestion

A

enzymes are secreted
proteins are digested

88
Q

what are the 2 different types of bone formation

A

osteogenesis and ossification

89
Q

what is osteogenesis

A

formation of bone

90
Q

what is ossification

A

process of replacing another tissue with bone

91
Q

what are the 2 forms of ossification

A

intramembranous ossification and
endochondral ossification

92
Q

what happens during intramembranous ossification …

A

replacing fibrous membrane tissue with bone

93
Q

what ossification makes flat bones

A

intramembranous ossification

94
Q

what ossification makes seamoid bones

A

intramembranous ossification

95
Q

what ossification makes long bones

A

endochondral ossification

96
Q

what happens during endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilage model is replaced with bone

97
Q

what are the 6 steps of intramembranous ossification

A

differentiation of mesenchymal cells
secretion of osteoid tissue
deposition of hydroxyapatite
formation of spicules
formation of trabeculae
bone remodeling

98
Q

where does differentiation of emsenchymal cells occur

A

within the membranw

99
Q

if differenetiation of mesenchymal cells occurs near capillaries with an appropriate stimulus, then what happens

A

the mesenchymal cells can differentiate into osteoblasts

100
Q

what is osteoid tissue

A

prebone - primarily collagen

101
Q

where is osteoid tissue secreted

A

around cells

102
Q

what does the increase concentration of salt loccatlly do

A

to point deposition

103
Q

what are spicules

A

needle like projections from bone tissue that are lined with endasteum

104
Q

what do osteoblast lay down during the formation of spicules of initramembranous ossification

A

lay down bone to form lamelae

105
Q

what are trabeculae

A

spicules thicker and connect

106
Q

what are fontanels

A

membranous areas on fetal skull

107
Q

what are soft spots on fetal skull

A

fibrous meembrane…
fontanesls

108
Q

what are the 2 functions of fontanels

A

flexibility
and
to accomodate rapid brain growth

109
Q

what does the flexibility of fontanels allow for

A

modling/compression of skull bones to facilitate birth

110
Q

what are the 4 fontanels

A

anterior
occipital
sphenoidal
mastoid

111
Q

what are the steps of endochondral ossification…. 11

A

hyaline cartilage model
cartilage cells hypertrophy
calcification of cartilage
chondrocytes die/cartilage begins to erode
blood vessel grow around model
formation of bony color
cartilage continues to erode/die
invation of periosteal bud
primary ossification center
remodleing creates marrow cavity
secondary ossification centers

112
Q

what dont chondroblasts have

A

no capillaries

113
Q

what happens during carilage cells hypertrophy

A

get bigger

114
Q

What happens during calcification of cartilage

A

ca++ deposits around bigger cells

115
Q

what is perichondrium converted to

A

periosteum

116
Q

with capillaries nearby, what can osteoprogenitor cells do

A

differentiate into osteoblasts

117
Q

what type of growth involves adding layers of lamellae around pieces of calcified cartilage

A

appositional growth

118
Q

when capillaries grow into carilage model, what do they deliver

A

osteoprogenitor cells inside (also osteoclasts)

119
Q

what is the secondary ossification center. when?

A

after birth

120
Q

where does the secondary ossification center form

A

in the epiphysis

121
Q

where is the epiphysis

A

ends of bonds

122
Q

what is an epiphyseal plate

A

longitudinal growth of bone

123
Q

what does carilage allow for

A

grown longitudinally

124
Q

when carilage is completely replaced by bone what happens

A

no longer able to grow

125
Q

whare are the 5 areas of an epiphyseal plate

A

resting zone
proliferating zone
maturing zone
calcifying zone
bone replacement zone

126
Q

what happens at the epiphyseal plate resting zone

A

not contributing to bone growth
anchor epiphysis to epiphyseal plate

127
Q

what happens at the proliferating zone

A

cell division is occuring
interstitial growth
mitotic figures present
formation of longitudinal columns of cells

128
Q

what stimulates the proliferating zone

A

growth hormone

129
Q

what is the maturing zone

A

hypertrophy of cell

130
Q

what is the calcifying zone /what happens there

A

depositing Ca++
diffusion
promotes dying
cell erodes away

131
Q

what happens at the bone replacement zone

A

blood vessels grow in from

132
Q

what does the diaphysis do at the bone replacement one

A

carry away debris, and carry in osteoprogenitor cells

133
Q

what do osteoblasts do at the bone replacement zone

A

lay down bone

134
Q

what type of growht occurs at an epiphyseal plate

A

appositional growth

135
Q

where does interstitial growth occur

A

in the proliferating zone (cartilage)

136
Q

what growth only occurs at bone

A

appositional growth

137
Q

what are the steps of bone growth and remodeling

A

destruction
formation
some bones more active than others

138
Q

destruction of bone by what cells

A

osteoclasts

139
Q

how can one control bone growth and remodeling

A

nutrition
hormones
mechanical stress

140
Q

nutrition types

A

vitamins and minerals

141
Q

what vitamins can help bone growth

A

C
D
K

142
Q

what minerals can help bone growth

A

F
Mn
Ca
Ph
Mg

143
Q

what does vitamin c help with

A

collagen synthesis

144
Q

what does vitamin d help with

A

calcium absoption at gut

145
Q

what does vitamin k help with

A

calcium deposits increase bone density

146
Q

what hormones help bone growth

A

calcitonin/parathyroid hormones
growth hormones
sex hormones (testosterone and estro0gen)

147
Q

what do mechanical stress’s do

A

stinulates bone growth

148
Q

what are the steps of bone repair following fracture

A
  1. blood clot (hematoma)
  2. callus formation (dense CT/cartilage…. forms bridge)
  3. callus ossification (bone replacement of calleus)
  4. bone remodleing

Anatomy (18 decks)

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