Integumentary system Flashcards
how much percentage of body weight is the integumentary system
16 %
epidermal derivatives defe
develop from embryonic epidermis
what are some of the accessory structures of skin
hair, nails, glands
what are the 5 ffunctions of skin
protection
temperature regulation
excretion
detection
synthesis of chemicals
what are the 2 parts associated with skin protection
cornification and melanin
cornification function
conversion of soft cells to hard tissue.
reduce damage due to physical abrasion
not allow the growth of microorganisms due to its dry nature
is water resistant to dehydration and water gain
what type of tissue is cornification
dry stratified squamous epithelium
is cornification alive or dead
dead chemicals
melanin function
protects from UV radiation
melanin pigement
brown to black
what 4 aspects are associated with temperature regulation
adipose/fat
superificial blood vessels in the dermis
sweat glands
arector pili muscles
what are two things superficial blood vessels do to regulate temp
vasoconstriction to retain heat
vasodilation to release heat
function of adipose/ fat in temp regulation
to insulate
what do sweat glands contribute to the regulation of temperature
they do evaporation which has a cooling effect
excretion def
remove waste
deals with sweat gland activity
what do sweat glands deal with
water, sodium, fat, chloride, organic wastes
detection is associated with what
sensory receptors, like touch, pressure, pain, temp
synthesis of chemicals involves what
vitamin d3
bone growth and development
is influenced by the sun
layers of skin
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
what type of tissue is epidermis
dry stratifed squamous epithelium
what are keratinocytes
the most abundant cell type and they produce keratin
how many layers are in the epidermis
30 to 50 layers
how many days does it take for the epidermis to replace itself
15 - 30 days
what type of tissue is the dermis
connective tissue
what does and increased SA and increased friction do
increases the ability to hold together
what are epidermal pegs and dermal papillae
interweave in a squiggly line to increase strength and connection
what are two things associated witht the dermis
fingerprints and flexion lines
flexion lines function
to help skin stretch or squeeze
fingerprints are formed how
if dermal papillae are close enough togheer, they are able to form ridges at the surface of skin. they increase friction, grip, and sensitivity
what tissue is the hypodermis
adipose/areolar connective tissu
is there a clear boundary between epidermis and dermis
no, it is vague
what is leptin
a hormone that regulates appetite and increases fat burning
what are the main functions of the hypoderis
significant contribution to overall body fat %
insulation
shock absorber
hold skin loosely to deeper CT
source of leptin
Layers of the epidermis
stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
do individuals have different numbers of melanocytes or melanin or both
similar number of melanocytes, but differing amounts of melanin that is produced
what do tactile or merkel cells do
release chemicals when they are compressed
what does keratin do
it is an intermediate filament that contributes to water proofing the skin
info on stratum basale
it is the deepest layer, there is a single layer of cells that sit on the basement membrane,
most cells are keratinocytes
info on stratum spinosum
there is at least 10 layers of cells, that accumulate keratin. Some mitosis occurs here
artifact def
feature that stands out or is noticeable but is not present in vivo (living)
what are dendritic or longerhars cells
immune cells
what type of immune cells are in the stratum spinosum
dendritic or longerhars cells
stratu granulosum info
flattened layer of about 5 layers
there is no mitosis and cells have began dying
it looks super dark on a stain because cross linking of keratin occurs here
stratum lucidum is found where
only in thick skin
stratum lucidum info
about 5 layers of dead skin, is packets of keratin
no hair in these locations
corneum def
tissues/cells being converted to a harder substance
stratum corneum makes up how much of the epidermis
about 3/4
stratum corneum info
about 15-30 layers of flat/dead celss filled with keratin.
they are heaving keratinized but are constantly shed through abrasion
why do blisters from
when stratum corneum separates and fluid accumulates
what are calluses
a thicker layer of stratum corneum
kertitinization def
the formation of layers of dead cells that leads to packets of keratin
cornification def
the conversion of cells to harder substances
life cycle of a keratinocyte
it takes 15-30 days for a cell to move from strtum basale to stratum corneum (to then be shed)
goes through keritinization and cornification
thin skin info
covers most of the body
4 strata
epidermis is thinner here
dermis is thicker here
hair is present
thick skin info
limited to palms and hands
5 strata
epidermis is thicker here
dermis is thinner here
stratum lucidum is present
what affects skin color
melanin
what does tyrosine do
produce melanin
eumelanin pigment
brown
tumelanin pigment
black
phenomelanin pigment
redish
melanocytes are what
cells that produce melanin
where are melanocytes found
within the stratum basale/germinativum
how much percentage of cells are melanocytes
about 20 %
why does color differ
mainly due to how active the cells are
why is melanin produced
genetics
environmental cues
melanosomes are what
long processes that extend from melanocyte (are the little things that pinch off)
what are melanosomes phagocytosed by
keratinocytes
what is skin cancer due to
an accumulation of mutations to DNA
What is UV light considered in relation to mutations
it is a mutagen
what is a mutagen def
uncontrolled cell division
metastais
what is metastasis
the ability for cancer to spread
eroding blood vessels or lymph vessels
enters circularity system
grows more tumors at distinct site
albinism def
the inherited, inability to produce melanin
vitiligo def
depigmentation disease. it is the partial or complete loss of melanocytes . is autoimmune
what are the 3 types of melanin
eumelanin
tumelanin
phenomelanin
what are the 3 things that affect skin color
melanin
hemoglobin
carotene
melanin color
brown/black
hemoglobin is a pigment of what color and found where
has a pinkish hue and is found in red blood cells that carry oxygen. pinking of skin is evidence of blood within superficial blood vessels (blushing)
carotene color and source and location
is a yellow pigment
its source is from your diet
some people get it accumulated in stratum corneum
cyanosis is what
skin appears blue due to less oxygen in blood
erythema is what
redness in an area due to increased blood flow
pallor is what
decreased red, decreased blood flow
jaundice is what
accumulation of bilirubin. (issue with liver usually)
what are the layers of the dermis
papillary layer and reticular layer
what tissue is found in the papillary layer
loose/areolar connective tissue
is papillary layer vascular or avascular
vascular
what tissue is found in the reticular layer
dense, irregular connective tissue
is the reticular layer vascular or avascular
avascular
what do collagen fibers do
make skin strongw
what do elastic fibers do
make skin extensible/recoil
what happens to collagen and elastic fibers do with age
decrease due to age or behaviors (like more UV light) this also leads to wrinkles lol
what is a derivative of skin def
develops from the epidermis as down growth
derivatives of skin example
hair, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, nails
sweat gland info
open up into hair follicles or at surface
sebaceous gland info
open up into hair follicles
what is the function of hair
protection from UV radiation, glare, heat loss, and prevents dirt from entering openings
what are the 3 layers of the hair
cuticle, cortex, and medulla
name 7 aspects of the structure of hair
root, hair bulb, dermal papillae, germinal matrix, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous gland
root of hair
the growth
hair bulb
expanded area
what happens in the germinal matrix
mitosis
what type of muscle is the arrector pili muscle
smooth muscle
what hair color does a lot of eumelanin- brown form
brown
what hair color does a little amount of eumelanin-brown form
blonde
what hair color does a lot of eumelanin-black form
black
what hair color does a little amount of eumelanin-black form
gray
what hair color does phenomelanin form
redw
what hair color is fromed from no melanin
white
what is sebum found in
sebaceous gland
what is sebum a collection of
waxes, oils, fats, cell debris
emollient is what
a skin softener that is secreted in hair follicle then exited there
benefits of sebum
it prevents water evaporation and is an antibacterial/antifungal
bad part of sebum
overproduction can lead to acne
what are the 4 types of sweat glands
eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous, and mammary
info on eccrine gland
it is mostly water and is open to the surface of skin
what is the eccrine gland a respondant of
heat stress
apocrine gland info
is not as much of a clean water and has a lot of other stuff in it, it is open into hair follicles
where is apocrine glands found
mainly concentrated in hairy areas like armpit and groin
what is apocrine glands a respondant of
emotional stress
what is ceruminous gland
ear wax
what is mammary gland
milk
