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Anatomy > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

how much percentage of body weight is the integumentary system

A

16 %

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2
Q

epidermal derivatives defe

A

develop from embryonic epidermis

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3
Q

what are some of the accessory structures of skin

A

hair, nails, glands

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4
Q

what are the 5 ffunctions of skin

A

protection
temperature regulation
excretion
detection
synthesis of chemicals

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5
Q

what are the 2 parts associated with skin protection

A

cornification and melanin

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6
Q

cornification function

A

conversion of soft cells to hard tissue.
reduce damage due to physical abrasion
not allow the growth of microorganisms due to its dry nature
is water resistant to dehydration and water gain

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7
Q

what type of tissue is cornification

A

dry stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

is cornification alive or dead

A

dead chemicals

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9
Q

melanin function

A

protects from UV radiation

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10
Q

melanin pigement

A

brown to black

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11
Q

what 4 aspects are associated with temperature regulation

A

adipose/fat
superificial blood vessels in the dermis
sweat glands
arector pili muscles

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12
Q

what are two things superficial blood vessels do to regulate temp

A

vasoconstriction to retain heat
vasodilation to release heat

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13
Q

function of adipose/ fat in temp regulation

A

to insulate

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14
Q

what do sweat glands contribute to the regulation of temperature

A

they do evaporation which has a cooling effect

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15
Q

excretion def

A

remove waste
deals with sweat gland activity

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16
Q

what do sweat glands deal with

A

water, sodium, fat, chloride, organic wastes

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17
Q

detection is associated with what

A

sensory receptors, like touch, pressure, pain, temp

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18
Q

synthesis of chemicals involves what

A

vitamin d3
bone growth and development
is influenced by the sun

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19
Q

layers of skin

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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20
Q

what type of tissue is epidermis

A

dry stratifed squamous epithelium

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21
Q

what are keratinocytes

A

the most abundant cell type and they produce keratin

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22
Q

how many layers are in the epidermis

A

30 to 50 layers

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23
Q

how many days does it take for the epidermis to replace itself

A

15 - 30 days

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24
Q

what type of tissue is the dermis

A

connective tissue

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25
Q

what does and increased SA and increased friction do

A

increases the ability to hold together

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26
Q

what are epidermal pegs and dermal papillae

A

interweave in a squiggly line to increase strength and connection

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27
Q

what are two things associated witht the dermis

A

fingerprints and flexion lines

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28
Q

flexion lines function

A

to help skin stretch or squeeze

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29
Q

fingerprints are formed how

A

if dermal papillae are close enough togheer, they are able to form ridges at the surface of skin. they increase friction, grip, and sensitivity

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30
Q

what tissue is the hypodermis

A

adipose/areolar connective tissu

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31
Q

is there a clear boundary between epidermis and dermis

A

no, it is vague

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32
Q

what is leptin

A

a hormone that regulates appetite and increases fat burning

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33
Q

what are the main functions of the hypoderis

A

significant contribution to overall body fat %
insulation
shock absorber
hold skin loosely to deeper CT
source of leptin

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34
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

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35
Q

do individuals have different numbers of melanocytes or melanin or both

A

similar number of melanocytes, but differing amounts of melanin that is produced

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36
Q

what do tactile or merkel cells do

A

release chemicals when they are compressed

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37
Q

what does keratin do

A

it is an intermediate filament that contributes to water proofing the skin

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38
Q

info on stratum basale

A

it is the deepest layer, there is a single layer of cells that sit on the basement membrane,
most cells are keratinocytes

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39
Q

info on stratum spinosum

A

there is at least 10 layers of cells, that accumulate keratin. Some mitosis occurs here

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40
Q

artifact def

A

feature that stands out or is noticeable but is not present in vivo (living)

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41
Q

what are dendritic or longerhars cells

A

immune cells

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42
Q

what type of immune cells are in the stratum spinosum

A

dendritic or longerhars cells

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43
Q

stratu granulosum info

A

flattened layer of about 5 layers
there is no mitosis and cells have began dying
it looks super dark on a stain because cross linking of keratin occurs here

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44
Q

stratum lucidum is found where

A

only in thick skin

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45
Q

stratum lucidum info

A

about 5 layers of dead skin, is packets of keratin
no hair in these locations

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46
Q

corneum def

A

tissues/cells being converted to a harder substance

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47
Q

stratum corneum makes up how much of the epidermis

A

about 3/4

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48
Q

stratum corneum info

A

about 15-30 layers of flat/dead celss filled with keratin.
they are heaving keratinized but are constantly shed through abrasion

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49
Q

why do blisters from

A

when stratum corneum separates and fluid accumulates

50
Q

what are calluses

A

a thicker layer of stratum corneum

51
Q

kertitinization def

A

the formation of layers of dead cells that leads to packets of keratin

52
Q

cornification def

A

the conversion of cells to harder substances

53
Q

life cycle of a keratinocyte

A

it takes 15-30 days for a cell to move from strtum basale to stratum corneum (to then be shed)
goes through keritinization and cornification

54
Q

thin skin info

A

covers most of the body
4 strata
epidermis is thinner here
dermis is thicker here
hair is present

55
Q

thick skin info

A

limited to palms and hands
5 strata
epidermis is thicker here
dermis is thinner here
stratum lucidum is present

56
Q

what affects skin color

A

melanin

57
Q

what does tyrosine do

A

produce melanin

58
Q

eumelanin pigment

A

brown

59
Q

tumelanin pigment

A

black

60
Q

phenomelanin pigment

A

redish

61
Q

melanocytes are what

A

cells that produce melanin

62
Q

where are melanocytes found

A

within the stratum basale/germinativum

63
Q

how much percentage of cells are melanocytes

A

about 20 %

64
Q

why does color differ

A

mainly due to how active the cells are

65
Q

why is melanin produced

A

genetics
environmental cues

66
Q

melanosomes are what

A

long processes that extend from melanocyte (are the little things that pinch off)

67
Q

what are melanosomes phagocytosed by

A

keratinocytes

68
Q

what is skin cancer due to

A

an accumulation of mutations to DNA

69
Q

What is UV light considered in relation to mutations

A

it is a mutagen

70
Q

what is a mutagen def

A

uncontrolled cell division
metastais

71
Q

what is metastasis

A

the ability for cancer to spread
eroding blood vessels or lymph vessels
enters circularity system
grows more tumors at distinct site

72
Q

albinism def

A

the inherited, inability to produce melanin

73
Q

vitiligo def

A

depigmentation disease. it is the partial or complete loss of melanocytes . is autoimmune

74
Q

what are the 3 types of melanin

A

eumelanin
tumelanin
phenomelanin

75
Q

what are the 3 things that affect skin color

A

melanin
hemoglobin
carotene

76
Q

melanin color

A

brown/black

77
Q

hemoglobin is a pigment of what color and found where

A

has a pinkish hue and is found in red blood cells that carry oxygen. pinking of skin is evidence of blood within superficial blood vessels (blushing)

78
Q

carotene color and source and location

A

is a yellow pigment
its source is from your diet
some people get it accumulated in stratum corneum

79
Q

cyanosis is what

A

skin appears blue due to less oxygen in blood

80
Q

erythema is what

A

redness in an area due to increased blood flow

81
Q

pallor is what

A

decreased red, decreased blood flow

82
Q

jaundice is what

A

accumulation of bilirubin. (issue with liver usually)

83
Q

what are the layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

84
Q

what tissue is found in the papillary layer

A

loose/areolar connective tissue

85
Q

is papillary layer vascular or avascular

A

vascular

86
Q

what tissue is found in the reticular layer

A

dense, irregular connective tissue

87
Q

is the reticular layer vascular or avascular

A

avascular

88
Q

what do collagen fibers do

A

make skin strongw

89
Q

what do elastic fibers do

A

make skin extensible/recoil

90
Q

what happens to collagen and elastic fibers do with age

A

decrease due to age or behaviors (like more UV light) this also leads to wrinkles lol

91
Q

what is a derivative of skin def

A

develops from the epidermis as down growth

92
Q

derivatives of skin example

A

hair, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, nails

93
Q

sweat gland info

A

open up into hair follicles or at surface

94
Q

sebaceous gland info

A

open up into hair follicles

95
Q

what is the function of hair

A

protection from UV radiation, glare, heat loss, and prevents dirt from entering openings

96
Q

what are the 3 layers of the hair

A

cuticle, cortex, and medulla

97
Q

name 7 aspects of the structure of hair

A

root, hair bulb, dermal papillae, germinal matrix, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous gland

98
Q

root of hair

A

the growth

99
Q

hair bulb

A

expanded area

100
Q

what happens in the germinal matrix

A

mitosis

101
Q

what type of muscle is the arrector pili muscle

A

smooth muscle

102
Q

what hair color does a lot of eumelanin- brown form

A

brown

103
Q

what hair color does a little amount of eumelanin-brown form

A

blonde

104
Q

what hair color does a lot of eumelanin-black form

A

black

105
Q

what hair color does a little amount of eumelanin-black form

A

gray

106
Q

what hair color does phenomelanin form

A

redw

107
Q

what hair color is fromed from no melanin

A

white

108
Q

what is sebum found in

A

sebaceous gland

109
Q

what is sebum a collection of

A

waxes, oils, fats, cell debris

110
Q

emollient is what

A

a skin softener that is secreted in hair follicle then exited there

111
Q

benefits of sebum

A

it prevents water evaporation and is an antibacterial/antifungal

112
Q

bad part of sebum

A

overproduction can lead to acne

113
Q

what are the 4 types of sweat glands

A

eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous, and mammary

114
Q

info on eccrine gland

A

it is mostly water and is open to the surface of skin

115
Q

what is the eccrine gland a respondant of

A

heat stress

116
Q

apocrine gland info

A

is not as much of a clean water and has a lot of other stuff in it, it is open into hair follicles

117
Q

where is apocrine glands found

A

mainly concentrated in hairy areas like armpit and groin

118
Q

what is apocrine glands a respondant of

A

emotional stress

119
Q

what is ceruminous gland

A

ear wax

120
Q

what is mammary gland

A

milk

121
Q
A

Anatomy (18 decks)

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