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Anatomy > Cell membrane physiology > Flashcards

Cell membrane physiology Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

a boundary between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

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2
Q

what does the plasma membrane control

A

the contents of the cell
what passes into and out of the cell

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3
Q

what does the plasma membrane monitor

A

monitors the Extracellular fluid (ECF), like chemical signals and its composition

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4
Q

what does the plasma membrane do structurally

A

it provides structural support

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5
Q

how does the plasma membrane establish membrane potential

A

it seperates charges at rest- slighly more- on the inside

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6
Q

what are the 4 componenets in the plasma membrane

A

plospholipds
cholesterol
proteins
carbohydrates

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7
Q

What are the 3 components of phospholipds

A

glycerol
phosphate head
fatty acid tail

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8
Q

how much of the plasma membrane is phospholipids

A

75 %

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9
Q

what does glycerol do in phospholipds

A

it is a linking molecule

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10
Q

what does the phosphate head do in phospholipids

A

it is polar
water soluble/ hydrophilic
arranged that it faces toward both ECF and ICF

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11
Q

what does the fatty acid tail do in phospholipids

A

there are 2 per
non polar/ no charged regions
is water insoluble/ hydrophobic

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12
Q

what are two theories associated with phospholips

A

phospholipid bilyar and fuid mosaic model

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13
Q

what does the phospholipid bilayer do (info)

A

arranged in a way that minimizes hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions
heads go to ETC and ITC, whereas the tails are sandwiched in the middle

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14
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model do (info)

A

it means that phopholipds can move freely within the membrane BUT they cant flip.
some of the molecules movements are limited

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15
Q

how much of the plasma membrane is cholesterol

A

25 %

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16
Q

what does cholesterol do

A

fill gaps between fatty acid tails

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17
Q

what happens when the plasma membrane is punctured

A

it can self seal. the vessicles do blebbing/fusing

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18
Q

what are the 2 things that cholesterol decreases

A

permeability to water and
fluidity

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19
Q

how does cholesteral decrease the cells permeability to water

A

it decreases space so that water can not sneak through. more cholesterol means less spaces for water to be sneaky through

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20
Q

how deos cholesteral decrease the cells fuidity

A

with the fluid mosaic model that a tighter fit means there will be less movement of phospholipids within the membrane

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21
Q

membrane proteins structure . what are the 2 types

A

integral are embedded within the whole membrane
peripheral are attached to either inside or outside of the membrane

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22
Q

what are some functions of membrane proteins

A

anchoring to the cytoskeleton
transport proteins
receptors
enzymes
recognition proteins

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23
Q

what are major histocompatibilaty complex proteins (MHC)

A

identify self vs. nonself or disease vs non disease cells.
This is huge for transplants and finding good matches

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24
Q

what is the main description for cell permeability

A

they are semi/selectively permeable

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25
Q

what does selectively permeable mean

A

that the cell regulates what enters and exits cell
this restriction is based on size, electrical charge, molecular shape, and lipid solubility

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26
Q

how is the movement across the membrane monitored / what is the order of molecules permeability scale (4)

A

High permeability
Small, nonpolar molecules
Small, uncharged polar molecules
Large, uncharged polar molecules
Ions
Low permeability

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27
Q

why are cells typically very small?

A

because they are limited by
how quickly stuff can enter or exit through the cell membrane and
how quickly stuff can move around in the cytoplasm

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28
Q

What is cell size limited by

A

surface area

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29
Q

as a cell size increase, what else increases

A

surface area and volume

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30
Q

what ratio is key to a cell

A

SA to Volume ratio

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31
Q

what does an increase in volume do to a cell

A

there is an increase in metabolism and an increase in the distance needed to travel within the cytoplasm

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32
Q

what 2 main things are cell size limited by

A

surface area and by the rate materials can cross the membrane

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33
Q

what are the two main types of transport

A

passive transport and active transport

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34
Q

what is passive transport

A

molecules move down a concentration gradient
no energy is needed

35
Q

what is active transport

A

molecules move against a concentration gradient
energy is required

36
Q

what are the 3 types of passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis, and facillitated diffusion

37
Q

what are the 2 types of active transport

A

active transport and vesicular transport

38
Q

Diffusion process

A

particles go down concentration gradient .
move from high conc to low conc due to thermal energy
no energy is consumed

39
Q

osmosis process

A

diffusion of water across membrane

40
Q

facilitated diffusion process

A

diffusion across membrane that is carrier mediated

41
Q

what type of protein mediates facilitated diffusion

A

integral protein

42
Q

what is diffusion def

A

random movement (of each molecule) of a substance from high to low concentration (net movement)

43
Q

brownian movement def

A

molecules are in constant motion due to thermal energy

44
Q

solute def

A

anything that is dissolved into a solution (like salt)

45
Q

solvent def

A

what it is dissolved into (like water)

46
Q

what is the rate of diffusion related to

A

temperature, concentration gradient, steepness, molecular size, electrical gradient, pressure gradient

47
Q

why do living organisms consume energy

A

to advoid equilibrium

48
Q

equilibrium def (in regard to diffusion)

A

the net movement in = the net movement out

49
Q

tonicity def

A

related to solute concentration of 2 fluids
it predicts movement of water

50
Q

osmotic pressure def

A

pulling pressure due to non diffusible solutes

51
Q

isotonic solution def

A

same solute concentration in both solutions

52
Q

hypertonic solution def

A

higher solute concentration and a lower water concentration

53
Q

hypotonic solution def

A

low solute concentration and a higher water concentration

54
Q

what is the rule of hyper and hypo tonic solutions

A

Water tends to move from (net) hypotonic solution to hypertonic solution (still random)

55
Q

hydrostatic pressure def

A

pushing pressure due to volume of fluid

56
Q

Equilibrium def (in regards to osmosis)

A

when osmotic pressure is equal and opposite to hydrostatic pressure

57
Q

Two types of tonicity are

A

crenation and hemolysis

58
Q

could you recover from crenation or hemolysis

A

crenation, yes
hemolysis, no

59
Q

does hyper of hypo tonic cause crenation

A

hypertonic

60
Q

does hyper or hypo tonic cause hemolysis

A

hypotonic

61
Q

is facilitated or simple diffusion faster

A

facilitated

62
Q

why is facilitated diffusion faster

A

membrane itself limits movement of large polar molecules and ions

63
Q

what type of protein does facilitated diffusion use

A

integral protein (channel)

64
Q

does facilitated diffusion use ATP

A

no. it is a high concentration to low concentration

65
Q

what is an integral protein again?

A

covers both sides of the membrane

66
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of active transport

A

is movement from a low to high conc. gradient
is protein mediated transport (integral)
requires atp

67
Q

what is a main example of an active transport

A

Na + / K+ Pump
and
Ca ++ Pump

68
Q

what does the Na/K pump do

A

maintains high K+ in the cytoplasm and
low Na+ in the cytoplasm

69
Q

what does the Ca++ pump do

A

maintains low Ca++ in the cytoplasm

70
Q

what percentage of a cells supply of energy is used to maintain gradients

A

40 %

71
Q

What does vesicular transport involve

A

vesicles

72
Q

what are vesicles

A

membrane bound structures inside a cell

73
Q

Does vesicular transport require ATP

A

Yes, it is active transport

74
Q

what does vesicular transport do that it requires ATP

A

moves vessicles and or the cell membrane
fuses membrane just properly of phospholipid membraine

75
Q

what is exocytosis in relation to and what does it do

A

movement out
vesicular transport

76
Q

what is endocytosis in relation to and what does it do

A

movement IN
vesicular transport

77
Q

what are the 2 types of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis and
phagocytosis

78
Q

what is pinocytosis reffered to

A

cell drinking

79
Q

what is phagocytosis refferred to

A

cell eating

80
Q

what do selectively permeable membranes do

A

allow some particles to cross while restricting others

81
Q

what does diffusion tend to eliminate

A

concentration gradients

82
Q

what happens when different solute concentrations exist across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis moves water such that an isotonic condition is established

83
Q

can active transport mechanisms maintain concentration gradients?

A

yes

Anatomy (13 decks)

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